The Transformation of Tobacco Factories and Depots in İstanbul Waterfront

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.2.181

Abstract

Since the 17th century, tobacco has been an important economic resource and a source of employment for hundreds of thousands of people both in the Ottoman Empire and throughout the Republic period. It has been an important source of employment, especially for the low-income female population. Tobacco control and management were given to the French Régie Company within the framework of the capitulations given to the French in the Ottoman Period, and subsequently the Tekel (İnhisarlar) administration in the Republic Period, also caused many social events. Tobacco, which entered the Ottoman lands in the 17th century, was banned several times over time for various reasons, as in many societies, and many people were punished. Monopoly management of tobacco as Tekel (İnhisar) was accepted for the first time in 1862, to centralize its production in 1861 and control tobacco smuggling and production. Since the 19th century, tobacco factories and warehouses have been built in districts of İstanbul such as Cibali, Üsküdar, and Kabataş, and sometimes they have been temporarily in existing historical buildings. With the development of tobacco production and factories, these buildings, which served different purposes until the 1980s, were later abandoned, some of them were demolished due to urban growth and development, and some of them have survived to the present day by transformation through restoration and renovation. Therefore, this article focuses on the transformation of tobacco factories and warehouses in the coastal areas of İstanbul as an industrial heritage.

Author Biography

Esen Gökçe Özdamar, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey

Esen Gökçe Özdamar, B.Arch, M.Sc., PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey. She received her B.Arch and MSc. in Architectural Design from Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture (1996–2003). Earned her PhD. degree in architectural design from Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology (2011). Currently works as an Associate Professor, co-founder and Head of Department of Architecture at Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. Major research interests include transdisciplinary methodology, contemporary housing, radical pedagogies in architecture, neuroarchitecture, kinaesthetic and haptic perception, experimental architecture, and hand-made sustainable materials. Some of her latest publications are “Flaneur/Flaneuse’s Home and Articulation in the Netherlands” (Agathos, 2022), “The “Pink Panther” in Architecture: The Transdiscipli-nary Approach and a Thought without Image” (Trans Form/Ação: Revista de Filosofia, 2022), “Inclined Planes and the Oblique Function as a Resistance to Gravity” (Interiors, Design/Architecture/Culture, 2022), “Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature” (coedited book, IGI Global, 2021), “Kinaesthetic Perception in Architecture” (2021), BRAC (Barcelona Research Art Creation), “Touching the Data: The Hap-tic Experience in Volvelles” (ANFA, Poster, 2021), “An Experimental Approach to a Transdisciplinary Methodology” (2021, Enquiry, The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research).

References


  • A picture of the establishment of the bridge [Photograph]. (n.d.). T. C. İnhisarlar İdaresi fotoğraf albümü, 1940 [T. R. Monopoly Administration photo album, 1940]. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • Asbagh, N. B. (2018). The adaptive reuse of Cibali Tobacco Factory, Kadir Has University. In N. Kozak, H. Kılıç, M. Kozak, & A. Öztüren (Eds.), Proceedings book of the 9th Conference for graduate research in tourism, 5–8 April, 2018 (pp. 203–210). Gazimağusa, K.K.T.C.

  • Balmumcu, Ş . (1948). Victor Adaman 1880–1948. Arkitekt, 193–194, http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/149/1807.pdf

  • Balsoy, G. (2009). Gendering Ottoman labor history: The Cibali Régie factory in the early twentieth century. International Review of Social History, 54, 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002085900999023X

  • Batur, A. (2009). Geç Osmanlı mimarlığında betonarme yapım tekniği [Reinforced concrete construction technique in late Ottoman Architecture]. Mimarlıkta Malzeme, 13, 39–44.

  • Beşiktaş Astro tütün deposu [Beşiktaş Astro tobacco warehouse] (Photograph). (n.d.). İstanbul’da 2.000 Osmanlı Yapısı. https://www.turanakinci.com/portfolio-view/besiktas-astro-tutun-deposu/

  • Büyükarslan, B., & Güney, E. D. (2013). Endüstriyel miras yapılarının yeniden işlevlendirilme süreci ve İstanbul Tuz Ambarı örneği [Re-use process of industrial heritage building case: “Tuz Ambarı” in İstanbul]. Beykent Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 31–58. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article/file/43827

  • Cahantimur, A. I., Öztürk, R. B., & Öztürk, A. C. (2010). Securing land for urban transformation through sustainable brownfield regeneration—the case of Eskişehir, Turkey. Environment and Urbanization, 22(1), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809362641

  • Çalıkoğlu, M. E. (2020). Paşalimanı Tekel building and tobacco warehouse in Üsküdar [Photograph]. SALT Research Archive. https://archives.saltresearch.org/handle/123456789/206352

  • Cangül, C. (2014, July 23). Pervititch haritaları: Kadıköy, Üsküdar, Beşiktaş, Ortaköy, Beyoğlu, Şişli bölgeleri [Pervititch maps: Kadıköy, Üsküdar, Beşiktaş, Ortaköy, Beyoğlu, Şişli regions]. Burada İstanbul Var. https://www.istanbulium.net/2014/07/pervititch-haritalar-kadikoy-uskudar.html

  • Cibali. (1994). In Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul, from past to present] (Vol. 2, pp. 428–429). İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı.

  • Cibali tütün fabrikası [Cibali tobacco factory]. (1994). In Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul, from past to present] (Vol. 2, p. 429). İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı.

  • Demir, K. (2019). İkinci Meşrutiyet dönemi Osmanlı basınında tütün tarımı ve reji şirketi [Tobacco agriculture and Régie Company in the period of the II. Meşrutiyet (Constituonalism) in the Ottoman press]. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(41), 419–446. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.580791

  • Doğan, M. (2013). Geçmişten günümüzde İstanbul’da sanayileşme süreci ve son 10 yıllık gelişimi [Industrialization process in İstanbul from past to present and its development over the last decade]. Marmara Geographical Review, 27, 511–550. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/marucog/issue/474/3914

  • Doğaner, S. (1993). İstanbul’da gemi inşa sanayi [Shipbuilding industry in İstanbul]. Turkish Geographical Review, 28, 65–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tcd/issue/21259/228193

  • Erbil, T. (2017). Planning dilemmas in deindustrialization process in İstanbul. A|Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 14(2), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.28291

  • Fulin, N. (2019). Osmanlı Devletinde yasaklanmış içecekler (1603–1807) [Prohibited drinks in the Ottoman Empire ((1603–1807)] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gaziantep University.

  • Georgeon, F. (2000). Osmanlı-Türk modernleşmesi, 1900–1930, seçilmiş makaleler [Ottoman-Turkish Modernization, 1900–1930, selected articles] (A. Berktay, Trans.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.

  • Google (2020, July). [Nemlizade Tobacco Depot building on the left side. On the right side, Paşalimanı Tekel building and tobacco warehouse is visible. Google Street View]. https://goo.gl/maps/aXaNP4dTAd7GgDYt9

  • Google. (2021a, April). [Barbaros Boulevard, 76. Google Street View]. https://goo.gl/maps/5nw2goVoQoF845FeA

  • Google. (2021b, April). [Barbaros Boulevard, 76. Google Street View, left side]. https://goo.gl/maps/5nw2goVoQoF845FeA

  • Google. (2022a). [Cibali tobacco and cigarette factory after the restoration. Google Street View]. https://www.google.com/maps/@41.0261587,28.9609375,2a,52.2y,218.25h,97.55t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1skMm_bM_mkbQ3nNb07Wvw9g!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

  • Google. (2022b). [Cibali tobacco and cigarette factory after the restoration. Google Street View]. https://goo.gl/maps/vfqCNohqFNC9Kr1x9

  • Google. (2022c). [Google Street View, with the waterfront, right side]. https://goo.gl/maps/mfPPDKzESkMLmmgA9

  • Google. (2022d). [Google Street View, with the waterfront, left side]. https://goo.gl/maps/4qqEeZmrCr1dpdWz5

  • Günay, Z., & Dökmeci, V. (2012). Culture-led regeneration of İstanbul waterfront: Golden Horn Cultural Valley Project. Cities, 29(4), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.010

  • Gürdamar, E. (2019). Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında tütün politikaları [Tobacco policies in the early years of The Republic] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). DSpace Repository. Malatya: İnönü University.

  • Haliç [Horn]. (1994). In Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul, from past to present] (Vol. 3, pp. 501–508). İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı and Tarih Vakfı.

  • İmalathane dühan merkeziye Dersaadet (Tobacco production center of Dersaadet [alias of İstanbul]) [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • İnan, A. D. (2015). Zeki Sayar’ın mimarlığı: Yapılar ve projeler [Architecture of Zeki Sayar: Structures and projects]. In A. Cengizkan, D. İnan, & N. M. Cengizkan (Eds.), TMOBB Mimarlar Odası Yayınları Zeki Sayar ve Arkitekt: Tasarlamak, örgütlemek, belgelemek [TMOBB chamber of architects publications by Zeki Sayar and Arkitekt: Designing, organising, documenting] (pp. 51–58). Ankara: Mimarlar Odası.

  • İnan, D., & Cengizkan, N. M. (2015). Yapı ve proje kataloğu [Building and project catalog] In A. Cengizkan, D. İnan, & N. M. Cengizkan (Eds.), TMOBB Mimarlar Odası Yayınları Zeki Sayar ve Arkitekt: Tasarlamak, örgütlemek, belgelemek [TMOBB chamber of architects publications by Zeki Sayar and Arkitekt: Designing, organising, documenting] (pp. 227–331). Ankara: Mimarlar Odası.

  • İnce, M. Ç., & Yurdaçaliş, N. E. (2013). Industrial buildings in İstanbul (Report). Yeditepe University, Institute of Science and Engineering. https://www.factoryreloaded.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Research_database.pdf

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021a). [Beşiktaş Astro tobacco warehouse, map from 2006, just before the demolition]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.04038057937706&lon=29.00542706251144&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=132

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021b). https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.02507444078907&lon=28.95901143550873&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=31

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021c). [Ekemen tobacco warehouse and tütün inn]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.033137668506384&lon=28.991289138793945&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=92

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021d). [Paşalimanı Tobacco Depot]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.0314102151998&lon=29.021654301322993&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021e). https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.05657308746473&lon=29.045791625976555&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021f). [View from the sea, 09.10.2019]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03214423506509&lon=29.019924402236935&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=333

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021g). [View from the sea, panorama view, 09.10.2019]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.031488682181276&lon=29.019312858581543&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=247

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2022a). [Akev Tobacco Depot and Administration Building]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.045253921948614&lon=29.007993936538696&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=221

  • İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2022b). [View from the sea, 02.10.2019]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03950257062155&lon=29.005770385265343&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=129

  • Koçu, R. E. (1966). Çubuk [Tobacco pipe]. In İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul] (Vol. 8, pp. 4133–4136). İstanbul: Koçu Yayınları.

  • Koçu, R. E. (1968). Enfiye [Snuff]. In İstanbul İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul] (Vol. 9, pp. 5120–5121). İstanbul: Koçu Yayınları.

  • Koçu, R. E., & Akbay, M. A. (1965). Cibali Tekel tütün-sigara fabrikası [Cibali Tekel tobacco- cigarette factory]. In İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The Encyclopedia of Istanbul] (Vol. 7, pp. 3553–3554).İstanbul: Neşriyat Kollektif Şirketi.

  • Kona, S. (2015). Paşalimanı un fabrikası ve yeniden işlevlendirme [Paşalimanı flour factory and refunctioning] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Maltepe University Institutional Repository.

  • Köksal, G. (2005). İstanbul’daki endüstri mirası için koruma ve yeniden kullanım önerileri [Some proposals for the conservation and reuse of industrial heritage in İstanbul] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). İstanbul Technical University.

  • Köksal, T. G., & Ahunbay, Z. (2006). İstanbul’daki endüstri mirası için koruma ve yeniden kullanım önerileri [Some proposals for the conservation and reuse of industrial heritage in İstanbul]. Itüdergisi/a mimarlık, planlama, tasarım, 5(2), 125–136. http://www.itudergi.itu.edu.tr/index.php/itudergisi_a/article/viewFile/891/811

  • Kurt, M., Kuzucu, K., Çakır, B., & Demir, K. (2016). 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı sanayileşmesi sürecinde kurulan devlet fabrikaları: Bir envanter çalışması [State factories established in the process of Ottoman industrialization in the XVIII century: an inventory study]. OTAM, 40, 245–277.

  • Melling, A. I., Lacretelle, Ch., & Barbié du Bocage, J. D. (1819). Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore [Picturesque journey of Constantinople and the shores of Bosphorus]. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008739092/page/n49/mode/2up

  • Nemlizade tütün deposu [Nemlizade tobacco warehouse]. (2021, January 30). Kültür envanteri. https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/nemlizade-tutun-deposu/#16/41.031315/29.020144

  • Özemre, A. Y. (2007a). Üsküdar ah Üsküdar [Üsküdar oh Üsküdar]. İstanbul: Kubbealtı.

  • Özemre, A. Y. (2007b). Hasretini çektiğim Üsküdar [Üsküdar, which I miss]. İstanbul: Kubbealtı.

  • Rezan Has Museum. (2021). Cibali tütün fabrikası [Cibali tobacco factory]. https://sanalgezinti.com/yeni/rezan-has-muzesi/index.html

  • Sayar, Z. (1955). Akev tütün deposu ve idare binası [Akev tobacco warehouse and administration building]. Arkitekt, 28, 99–103. http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/214/2932.pdf

  • Shangri-La Bosphorus, Istanbul. (n.d.). Press Kit. http://www.shangri-la.com/uploadedFiles/Shangri-la_Hotels/Istanbul,_Shangri-La/press-room/press-kit/Shangri-La-Bosphorus-Istanbul-Press-Kit(1).pdf

  • The place of tobacco grinding machines called havan [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • The place to put tobacco in packages [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • The place where cigarettes are made by hand [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • Tobacco bales arrived to the factory [Photograph]. (n.d.). T. C. İnhisarlar İdaresi fotoğraf albümü, 1940 [T. R. Monopoly Administration photo album, 1940]. Rezan Has Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

  • Tütün deposu “depo” renovasyonu [Tobacco warehouse “warehouse” renovation]. (n.d.). Arkiv. http://www.arkiv.com.tr/proje/tutun-deposu-depo-renovasyonu/1120

  • Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi [The history of tobacco in Turkey]. (n.d.) Tütün Eksperleri Derneği. http://www.tutuneksper.org.tr/tutun-bilgisi/turkiyede-tutun/turkiyede-tutunun-tarihcesi

  • Üsküdar. (n.d.). İ.B.B. Atatürk Library Digital Archive and Search in E-Sources [Postcard]. Postcard Collection, Krt_024883. http://ataturkkitapligi.ibb.gov.tr/yordambt/yordam.php?aDemirbas=Krt_024883

  • Üsküdar’in Kaybolmuş Kültür Eserleri. (2020, January 21). Üsküdar’ın kaybolmus kultur eserleri 74 [Uskudar’s lost cultural artifacts 74] [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/465035476980877/posts/1509252192559195/

  • Üsküdar Tekel sahneleri [Üsküdar Tekel stages]. (n.d.). Akdağ Architecture. https://www.akdagmimarlik.com/tr/portfoy/uskudar-tekel-sahneleri

  • Vanmour, J.-B. (1714). Femme Turque qui Fume sur le Sopha [Turkish woman smoking on the sofa] [Engraving]. Recueil de cent estampes representant differentes nations du Levant, gravées sur les tableaux peints d’après nature en 1707 & 1708, par les ordres de M. de Ferriol, ambassadeur du roi a la porte, et mis au jour en 1712 & 1713 par les soins de M. Le Hay [Collection of one hundred prints representing different nations of the Levant, engraved on paintings painted from nature in 1707 & 1708, by the orders of M. de Ferriol, ambassador of the king at the door, and brought to light in 1712 & 1713 by the care of M. Le Hay]. Chez Basan. https://archive.org/details/gri_33125015119957/page/n42/mode/thumb

  • Yılmaz, B. (Ed.). (2019). Projeler yapılar 4: Kültür yapıları [Projects structures 4: Cultural buildings]. İstanbul: YEM.

  • Yurtoğlu, N. (2018). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde tütün tekeli ve sigara fabrikalarının tarihsel gelişimi (1923–1950) [A historical development of Tobacco Monopoly and cigarette factories in the Republic of Turkey (1923–1950)]. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 5(17), 81–116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atdd/issue/40027/475958

  • Yusufoğlu, N. T., & Pilehvarian, N. K. (2017). Beşiktaş Tayyare Fabrikası (1936–1943) [Beşiktaş Aircraft Factory (1936–1943)]. Megaron. Yildiz teknik üniversitesi mimarlik fakültesi e-dergisi, 12(2), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2017.87004

Published
2022-07-11
How to Cite
Özdamar, E. (2022). The Transformation of Tobacco Factories and Depots in İstanbul Waterfront. Changing Societies & Personalities, 6(2), 380–413. doi:10.15826/csp.2022.6.2.181
Citation Formats
Issue
Vol. 6, No. 2 (2022)
Section
Articles