Socio-Cultural Differences in Social Exclusion

  • Juan Díez-Nicolás Análisis Sociológicos, Económicos y Políticos and University of Almeria, Spain
  • Ana Maria López-Narbona University of Michigan, USA and University of Malaga, Spain
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2018.2.2.033

Abstract

The main object of this research is to describe social exclusion in a comparative world perspective. Social exclusion is a main concern worldwide. Non-desirable social groups as neighbours are used as a proxy measure to answer three questions: who are the most excluded social groups, who are the excluders, and what are the main explanatory variables of social exclusion. Social exclusion, as a multidimensional phenomenon, is defined in relation to concepts such as stigma, discrimination, and prejudice. Social, economic, political and ideological-religious attitudes are used to construct the profile of the excluder.  Social exclusion has been measured through three indexes of social exclusion, personal, group and total exclusion, since a main component analysis demonstrated that the degree of social exclusion varied depending on whether the excluded group was more or less based on personal decisions on one's behaviour taken by the individual. Based on theory and previous research, four main variables have been tested to explain social exclusion: social position, exposure to information, post-materialist values and perception of security. But other explanatory variables were also added to the analysis. EVS and WVS databases (from 1981 to 2014) have been used, though most of the analysis has been based on the last WVS-6th wave on 59 countries with a total of more than 85,000 interviews.

Author Biographies

Juan Díez-Nicolás, Análisis Sociológicos, Económicos y Políticos and University of Almeria, Spain

Juan Díez-Nicolás is professor Emeritus of Sociology, Department of Sociology II (Human Ecology and Population), School of Political Sciences and Sociology, Complutense University of Madrid. He is Associate-Director for Southern Europe at the European Centre for Survey Research (University of Aberdeen) and Vice-President of the World Values Survey Association. He is an author of 32 books and 200 book chapters and articles in professional journals.

Ana Maria López-Narbona, University of Michigan, USA and University of Malaga, Spain

Ana Maria López-Narbona, PhD, lawyer and professor at the University of Malaga, Department of Sociology. Visiting Research Scholar at the University of Michigan (US, 2017/2018), at the University of Oxford (UK, 2015), and at the University of Gabrovo (Bulgaria, 2015). Active participant in international projects and congresses such as INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (IPSA), 2016, ARAB TRANSITION PROJECT, 2016, INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SURVEY PROGRAMM (ISSP), 2016, EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (ESA), Torino (2013) and Genève (2011). Lecturer at the University of Konkuk, Seul, Korea, 2011. International Development Cooperation in Collaboration with the NGO “Down To Earth” Mumbai, India, 2010. Coordinator of the Universidad de Malaga International Development Cooperation Project in Guatemala, 2014-2015. Her main research activities are based on the interest on the international comparative perspective and on values.

References


  • Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Row.

  • Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

  • Balabanova, Y., Coker, R., Atun, R. A., & Drobniewski, F. (2006). Stigma and HIV infection in Russia. AIDS Care, 18(7), 846–852.

  • Bauman, Z. (1998). Globalization: The Human Consequences. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

  • Baumgarten, I. (2006). Interpersonal Violence and Alcohol in the Russian Federation. Policy Briefing. Violence and Injury Prevention Programme WHO European Centre for Environment and Health.

  • Bayer, R. (2008). Stigma and the ethics of public health: not can we but should we. SocSci Med, 67, 463–472. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.017.

  • Burgess, E. W. (1984). Can Neighborhood have a Scientific Basis? In: Janowitz M. (Ed.). The heritage of Sociology. The City. Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

  • Burris, S. (2008). Stigma, ethics and policy: a commentary on Bayer’s “Stigma and the ethics of public health: Not can we but should we”. SocSci Med, 67, 473–475, discussion 476–477. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.020.

  • Clark, W. A. V. (1986). Residential segregation in American cities: a review and interpretation. Population Research and Policy Review, 5(2), 95–127.

  • Clark, W. A. V. (2006). Ethnic Preferences and Residential Segregation: A Commentary on Outcomes from Agent-Based Modelling. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 30(3–4). DOI: 10.1080/00222500500544128.

  • Deacon, H., Stephney, I., & Prosalendis, S. (2005). Understanding HIV/AIDS Stigma. A Theoretical and Methodological Analysis. HSRC Research Monograph, Research Programmes on Social Cohesion and Identity & The Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

  • De La Garza, M., & Valdés, M. C. (1998). Teoría e Historia de las Religiones. México, DF: Facultad de Filosofia y Letras UNAM.

  • De Toledo Piza Peluso, E., & Blay, S. L. (2008). Public perception of alcohol dependence. A percepção popular sobre a dependência alcoólica. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 30(1). DOI: 10.1590/S1516-44462008000100004.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (1966). Posición Social y Opinión Pública. Anales de Sociología, No. 2, Barcelona.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (2000). La Escala de Postmaterialismo como Medida del Cambio de Valores en las Sociedades Contemporáneas. In F. A. Orizo and J. Elzo (Eds.). España 2000, entre el Localismo y la Globalidad. La Encuesta Europea de Valores en su Tercera Aplicación, 1981–1999. Madrid: Editorial SM.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (2009). Some Theoretical and Methodological Applications of Centre-Periphery Theory and the Social Position Index. In K. van der Veer, A. Hartmannn, H. van den Berg (Eds.) and J. Díez-Nicolás, J. Galtung and H. Wiberg. Multidimensional Social Science. Amsterdam: Rozenberg.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (2011). La Seguridad Subjetiva en España: Construcción de un Índice Sintético de Seguridad Subjetiva. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (2013). Sociological Theory and Social Reality. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 143, Madrid: CIS.

  • Díez-Nicolás, J. (2015). Perception of security in an international comparative perspective”. Real Instituto Elcano. Working Paper, 16/2015. Retrieved from: www.realinstitutoelcano.org

  • Eliade, M. (1961). Traité d’Histoire des Réligions. Paris: Ed. Payot.

  • Elliot, G. C., Ziegler, H. L., Altman, B. M., & Scott, D. R. (1982). Understanding stigma: Dimensions of deviance and coping. Deviant Behaviour, 3, 275–300.

  • Figueira, T. J. (1987). Residential Restrictions on the Athenian Ostracized. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 28(3), 281–305.

  • Forsdyke, S. (2000). Exile, Ostracism and the Athenian Democracy. Classical Antiquity, 19(2), 232–263. DOI: 10.2307/25011121.

  • Fosset, M. (2006). Including Preference and Social Distance Dynamics in Multi-Factor Theories of Segregation. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 30(3–4). DOI: 10.1080/00222500500544151.

  • Fosset, M. (2011). Generative Models of Segregation: Investigating Model-Generated Patterns of Residential Segregation by Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 35(1–3). DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2010.532367.

  • Foster, J. (2000). Social Exclusion, Crime and Drugs. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 7 (4). DOI: 10.1080/dep.7.4.317.330.

  • Foucault, M. (1991). Questions of Method. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller, (Eds.). The Foucault Effect: Studies in Govern mentality. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

  • Galtung, J. (1964). Foreign policy opinion as a function of social position. Journal of Peace Research, 34, 206–231.

  • Galtung, J. (1976). Social position and the image of the future. In H. Ornauer et al. (Eds.). Images of the World in the Year 2000. Paris: Mouton.

  • Glaster, G. (2001). On the Nature of Neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2111–2124. DOI: 10.1080/00420980120087072.

  • Glass, R. (1964). Introduction: aspects of change. In Centre for Urban Studies (Ed.) Aspects of Change. London: Mac Kibbon and Kee.

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

  • Gulevich, O. A., Osin, E. N., Isaenko, N. A., & Brainis, L. M. (2016). Attitudes to Homosexuals In Russia: Content, Structure, and Predictors. Psychology Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 13(1), 79–110.

  • Healy, P. (2001). A ‘Limit Attitude’: Foucault, Autonomy, Critique. History of the Human Sciences, 14, 49–68.

  • Inglehart, R. (1971). The Silent Revolution in Europe. American Political Science Review, 65, 991–1017.

  • Inglehart, R. (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western European Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Inglehart, R. (1990). Cultural Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Inglehart, R. (2006). Changing Norms: Existential Security Leads to Growing Acceptance of Out-Groups. WZB-Mitteilungen, 113, 26–29.

  • Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values. American Sociological Review, 65, 19–51.

  • Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). The True Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Policy, March/April: 67–74.

  • Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2003). Political Culture and Democracy: Analyzing Cross-Level Linkages. Comparative Politics, 36, 61–81.

  • Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2004). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Joffe, H. (1996). AIDS Research and Prevention: A Social Representational Approach. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 69(3), 169–190.

  • Joffe, H. (1999). Risk and “the Other”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Levitas, R. (2005). The inclusive society? Social exclusion and New Labour (2nd ed.) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Lioznov, D., & Nikolaenko, S. (Eds). (2011). HIV-related stigma among intravenous drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. Presented at 6th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Rome, Italy.

  • Macy, M. W., & Van De Rijt, A. (2006). Ethnic Preferences and Residential Segregation: Theoretical Explorations Beyond Detroit. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 30(3–4). DOI: 10.1080/00222500500544086.

  • Mandanipour, A. (2016). Social Exclusion and Space. Chapter 4. In R. T. Le Gates & F. Stout (Eds.). Urban Reader Series: The City Reader. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge.

  • March, J. C., Oviedo-Joekes, E., & Romero, M. (2006). Drugs and Social Exclusion in Ten European Cities. Eur Addict Res, 12, 33–41.

  • Marcuse, P. (1985). Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City. Retrieved from: http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_urbanlaw/vol28/iss1/4

  • Mathiesen, T. (1990). Prison on Trial: A Critical Assessment. London: Sage.

  • Mulatu, M. S. (1999). Perceptions of Mental and Physical Illnesses in Northwestern Ethiopia: Causes, Treatments, and Attitudes. Journal of Health Psychology. 4(4), 531–49. DOI: 10.1177/135910539900400407.

  • Park, R. E., & Burgess, R. [1925] (1984). The City. Suggestions for the investigation of human behaviour in the urban environment. In R. Park & R. Burgess (Eds.). The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and an agenda for action. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 13–24.

  • Pearson, G. (1989). Heroin Use in its Social Context. In D. Herbert & D. Smith (Eds.). Social Problems and the City. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two? Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 358–367. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022.

  • Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. The Lancet, 373(9682). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7.

  • Rodgers, G., (1995). What is special about a social exclusion approach? In G. Rodgers, C. Gore & J. B. Figueiredo (Eds.). Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses. (pp. 43–55). Geneva: International Labour Organization.

  • Room, G. et al. (1992). Observatory on national policies to combat social exclusion. In: Second annual report. Brussels: Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Industrial Relations, Commission of the European Communities.

  • Room, G. (1995). Poverty and social exclusion: the new European agenda for policy and research. In G. Room (Ed.). Beyond the threshold. The measurement and analysis of social exclusion. Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143–155. DOI: 10.1080/09595230500102434.

  • Santana, P. (2002). Poverty, social exclusion and health in Portugal. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 33–45.

  • Sassen, S. (2005). Introduction. In: Y. Kazepov (Ed.). Cities of Europe. Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements, and the Challenge to Urban Cohesion. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

  • Sayce, L. (2000). From Psychiatric Patient to Citizen: Overcoming Discrimination and Social Exclusion. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

  • Schelling, T. C. (1971). Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1, 143–186.

  • Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer M. C. (2011). The Stigma of Alcohol Dependence Compared with Other Mental Disorders. A Review of Population Studies. Alcohol, 46(2), 105–112. DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq089.

  • Scott, J. (1998). Changing Attitudes to Sexual Morality: A Cross-National Comparison. Sociology, 32(4), 815–845.

  • Seddon, T. (2006). Drugs, Crime and Social Exclusion: Social Context and Social Theory. British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 680–703. DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azi079.

  • Sen, A. (1992). Poverty Re-examined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Simmons, T. (2008). Sexuality and immigration: UK family reunion policy and the regulation of sexual citizens in the European Union. Political Geography, 27, 213–230.

  • Spitko, E. G. (2012). Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: Employment Discrimination as a Means for Social Cleansing. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/573

  • Štulhofer, A., & Sandfort, T. (2005). Sexuality and gender in post communist Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: Haworth Press.

  • United Nations (2014). World’s population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html

  • Voruz, V. (2005). The Politics of the Culture of Control: Undoing Genealogy. Economy and Society, 34, 154–72.

  • Wacquant, L. (2001). The Penalization of Poverty and the Rise of Neo-Liberalism. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9, 401–412.

  • Woods, R. A. (1913). The Neighbourhood in Social Reconstruction. Papers and Proceedings of the Eight Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Society.

  • Zick, A., Küpper, B., & Hövermann, A. (2011). Intolerance, Prejudice and Discrimination. A European Report. Berlin: Nora Langenbacher Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Forum Berlin, Projekt “Auseinan der setzung mit dem Rechts extremismus”.

Published
2018-07-01
How to Cite
Díez-Nicolás, J., & López-Narbona, A. (2018). Socio-Cultural Differences in Social Exclusion. Changing Societies & Personalities, 2(2), 105-142. doi:10.15826/csp.2018.2.2.033
Citation Formats
Issue
Vol. 2, No. 2 (2018)
Section
Articles