The American Anti-Vaxxer COVID Dead: A Dynamic Chronicle of Failed Sacrifices
Abstract
Unlike earlier pandemics, where a “politics of blame” was directed against those who spread infection, the COVID pandemic in the United States has created occasions for the deployment of a “politics of commendation” for performing acts of sacrifice. Frontline healthcare workers have been celebrated for sacrificing themselves in service to their patients, even as critics have charged their being hapless victims of “social murder” at the hands of irresponsible medical administrators. Governmental officials, notably in Texas, have also recommended the elderly to refuse COVID care, die and thus sacrifice themselves selflessly for the benefit of the younger generation. Lately, COVID vaccine-refusal has been seen as an act of noble political sacrifice—typically to further individual liberty against the coercive power of the Federal government’s promotion or mandating of vaccination. Anti-vaxxers embracing the role of such political sacrifices, however, generally fail to realize this aspiration, insofar they are often just culpable of their own demise by neglecting public health advisories. Furthermore, the partisan politicization of their deaths militates against the normal recognition of their being sacrifices. Party political calculations have frequently demanded denial of the COVID origins of the anti-vaxxer deaths, and also effectively eliminated any normal attendant rites of reciprocation, memorialization or sacralization of the victims, typical of sacrifices, proper.
References
- Abbasi, K. (2021). Covid-19: Social murder, they wrote—elected, unaccountable, and unrepentant [Editorial]. BMJ, 372, Article n314. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n314
- Andersen, K. (2022, January 25). The anti-vaccine right brought human sacrifice to America. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/human-sacrifice-ritual-mass-vaccination/621355/
- Barrett, A. E., Michael, C., & Padavic, I. (2021). Calculated ageism: Generational sacrifice as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, 76(4), e201–e205. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa132
- Beers, W. (1992). Women and sacrifice: Male narcissism and the psychology of religion. Wayne State University Press.
- Bergmann, M. S. (1992). In the shadow of Moloch: The sacrifice of children and its impact of Western religions. Columbia University Press.
- Carrillo, I. R., & Ipsen, A. (2021). Worksites as sacrifice zones: Structural precarity and COVID-19 in U.S. meatpacking. Sociological Perspectives, 64(5), 726–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/07311214211012025
- Cohen, S. (2021, November 1). Vaccination, freedom and responsibility. State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/11/01/vaccination-freedom-and-responsibility/
- Davidson, R. (2021, July 17). How Fox News’ Covid vaccine denialism hurts my patients. Think: Opinion, Analysis, Essays. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/how-fox-news-covid-vaccine-denialism-hurts-my-patients-ncna1274236
- Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans). The University of Chicago Press.
- Dozeman, T. B. (2017). The Pentateuch: Introducing the Torah. Fortress Press.
- Ecarma, C. (2020, September 24). Fox News’ COVID denial hasn’t aged well. Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/09/fox-news-covid-denial-hasnt-aged-well
- Engels, F. (2009). The condition of the working class in England in 1844. Penguin Classics. (Originally published in German 1845)
- English Standard Version Bible. (2001). ESV Online. https://esv.literalword.com/?q=Genesis+22
- Evanega, S., Lynas, M., Adams, J., & Smolenyak, K. (2020). Coronavirus misinformation: Quantifying sources and themes in the COVID-19 “infodemic”. Cornell Alliance for Science.
- Farmer, P. (1992). AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. University of California Press.
- Freer, J. (2021). Selfless sacrifice or failed by the state? Remembering nurses who have died from COVID-19 [Guest Editorial]. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 113, Article 103736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103736
- Gabbatt, A. (2020, May 15). Faced with an appalling US coronavirus death toll, the right denies the figures. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/15/coronavirus-death-toll-right-denies-figures
- Germani, F., & Biller-Andorno, N. (2021). The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(3), Article e0247642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247642 Retraction published 2022, PLOS ONE 17(12), Article e0279796. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279796
- Girard, R. (1977). Violence and the sacred (P. Gregory, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Green, D. (2022, January 12). Anti-Vaxxers need to face penalties for their selfish choices, which threaten the lives of others. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/12/anti-vaxxers-should-face-penalties-for-their-selfish-choices
- Greenspan, S. (2021, September 27). Why are vaccine resisters gullible? Covid-19 and the credulity problem. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/incompetence/202109/why-are-vaccine-resisters-gullible
- Hubert, H., & Mauss, M. (1964). Sacrifice: Its nature and functions. University of Chicago Press.
- Jha, G. (Ed.). (1920). Manusmriti with the commentary of Medhatithi. University of Calcutta. https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc200416.html
- Johnson, A. G., Amin, A. B., Ali, A. R., Hoots, B., Cadwell, B. L., Arora, S., Avoundjian, T., Awofeso, A. O., Barnes, J., Bayoumi, N. S., Busen, K., Chang, C., Cima, M., Crockett, M., Cronquist, A., Davidson, Sh., Davis, E., Delgadillo, J., Dorabawila, V., … Scobie, H. M. (2022). COVID-19 incidence and death rates among unvaccinated and fully vaccinated adults with and without booster doses during periods of Delta and Omicron variant emergence — 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4–December 25, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(4), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e2
- Jung, Y., & Lee, S. (2021, November 19). Trump vs the GOP: Political determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3966799
- Just Hurry Up And Die—1 Classic T-Shirt. (2022). Redbubble.com. https://www.redbubble.com/i/t-shirt/Just-Hurry-Up-And-Die-1-by-SMShow/99643124.WFLAH.XYZ
- Kapucu, N., & Moynihan, D. (2021). Trump’s (mis)management of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Policy Studies, 42(5–6), 592–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1931671
- Knodel, J. (2020, March 24). Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick suggests he, other seniors willing to die to get economy going again. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/texas-lt-gov-dan-patrick-suggests-he-other-seniors-willing-n1167341
- Krugman, P. (2021, August 19). The quiet rage of the responsible. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/opinion/covid-masks-vaccine-mandates.html
- Krugman, P. (2022, August 9). The lost continent. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/09/opinion/the-lost-continent.html
- Leach, M., & Tadros, M. (2014). Epidemics and the politics of knowledge: Contested narratives in Egypt’s H1N1 response. Medical Anthropology, 33(3), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2013.842565
- Leonhardt, D. (2021, September 27). Red COVID: Covid’s partisan pattern is growing more extreme. The New York Times: Morning Newsletter. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/briefing/covid-red-states-vaccinations.html
- Leonhardt, D. (2022, February 18). Red Covid, an update: The partisan gap in covid deaths is still growing, but more slowly. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/briefing/red-covid-partisan-deaths-vaccines.html
- Levenson, J. D. (1993). The death and resurrection of the beloved son: The transformation of sacrifice in Judaism and Christianity. Yale University Press.
- Marcotte, A. (2021, November 9). Insurrection by other means: Republicans are ready to die of COVID to spite Biden, Democrats. Salon. https://www.salon.com/2021/11/09/insurrection-by-other-means-are-ready-to-of-to-spite-bidendemocrats/
- McGibbon, E. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic: On the everyday mechanisms of social murder. Critical Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.51357/cs.v16i1.148
- Mercola, J. (2022, January 31). The truth is coming out about COVID deaths. Infowars. https://www.infowars.com/posts/the-truth-is-coming-out-about-covid-deaths/
- Minkowski, C. Z. (2001). The interrupted sacrifice and the Sanskrit epics. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 29(1–2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017551511325
- Motta, M. (2021). Republicans, not Democrats, are more likely to endorse antivaccine misinformation. American Politics Research, 49(5), 428–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X211022639
- Muller, F. M. (1885). The sacred books of China: The texts of Confucianism (Trans. by J. Legge). Clarendon Press.
- Pearce, F. (2003). Introduction: The Collège de sociologie and French social thought. Economy and Society, 32(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/0308514032000045735
- Perez, M. (2020). Death toll conspiracy: Why conservative media—And soon, possibly Trump—Are doubting coronavirus mortality figures. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattperez/2020/05/10/death-toll-conspiracy-why-conservative-media-and-soon-possibly-trump-are-doubting-coronavirus-mortality-figures/?sh=702e541857d5
- Samuels, A. (2020, April 21). Dan Patrick says “there are more important things than living and that’s saving this country”. The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2020/04/21/texas-dan-patrick-economy-coronavirus/
- Spiering, C. (2021, September 9). Joe Biden orders vaccine mandates: “This is not about freedom or personal choice”. Breitbart. https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2021/09/09/joe-biden-orders-vaccine-mandates-this-is-not-about-freedom-or-personal-choice/
- Tull, H. W. (1996). The killing that is not killing: Men, cattle, and the origins of non-violence (ahisā) in the Vedic. Indo-Iranian Journal, 39(3), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1163/000000096790085150
- Villegas, P. (2020, November 16). South Dakota nurse says many patients deny the coronavirus exists—Right up until death. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/11/16/south-dakota-nurse-coronavirus-deniers/
- Wallace-Wells, B. (2022, October 31). How Republicans claimed COVID as a winning campaign issue. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/how-republicans-claimed-covid-as-a-winning-campaign-issue
- White House Office. (2020, May 14). Remarks by President Trump at Owens & Minor, Inc. Distribution Center. Allentown, PA [Press release]. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-owens-minor-inc-distribution-center-allentown-pa/
- Wilson, T. A. (2002). Sacrifice and the imperial cult of Confucius. History of Religions, 41(3), 251–287. https://doi.org/10.1086/463684/