Harmonizing Intentions and Actions: Consumer Perception Elements in Halal-Certified Food Purchases Among Muslims
Abstract
This study aims to bridge the intention-behavior gap by investigating the role of consumer perception in the variability of individuals’ intentions to take action on Halal-certified food (HCF). It involves building and testing a research model to comprehend the connection between intentions and the frequency of purchasing HCF. The study includes 423 Indonesian Muslim respondents, selected through a purposive sampling technique. Several key concepts highlighted in this study include intention to purchase, actual purchase, and elements of consumer perception such as perceived product quality, perceived price, perceived access, and perceived exposure. This research employed factor analysis and multiple regression to determine causal relationships and test hypotheses. Results suggest that although the purchase intention of HCF has a significant impact on the frequency of purchasing HCF, its predictive power is modest. Notably, all elements of consumer perception significantly influence the frequency of purchasing HCF, with the predictive power of the consumer perception elements surpassing that of purchase intention. Finally, this study marginally bridges the intention-behavior gap through consumer perception elements. This study offers theoretical contributions and managerial implications for HCF providers.
References
- Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. Free Press.
- Abror, A., Patrisia, D., Trinanda, O., Omar, M. W., & Wardi, Y. (2021). Antecedents of word of mouth in Muslim-friendly tourism marketing: The role of religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(4), 882–899. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2020-0006
- Adekunle, B., & Filson, G. (2020). Understanding halal food market: Resolving asymmetric information. Food Ethics, 5, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-020-00072-7
- Ahmed, S., & Ashfaq, A. (2013). Impact of advertising on consumers’ buying behavior through persuasiveness, brand image, and celebrity endorsement. Global Media Journal, 6(2), Article 149.
- Aji, H. M., Muslichah, I., & Seftyono, C. (2021). The determinants of Muslim travellers’ intention to visit non-Islamic countries: A halal tourism implication. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1553–1576. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0075
- Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
- Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
- Ali, A., Ali, A., Xiaoling, G., Sherwani, M., & Hussain, S. (2018). Expanding the theory of planned behaviour to predict Chinese Muslims halal meat purchase intention. British Food Journal, 120(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2017-0278
- Altaf, M., Iqbal, N., Mokhtar, S. S. M., & Sial, M. H. (2017). Managing consumerbased brand equity through brand experience in Islamic banking. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(2), 218–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2015-0048
- Andaleeb, S. S. (2016). Market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. In S. S. Andaleeb & K. Hasan (Eds.), Strategic marketing management in Asia: Case studies and lessons across industries (pp. 179–207). Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-746-520161006
- Andreassen, B.-O. (2019). The Norwegian political discourse on prohibiting Muslim garments. An analysis of four cases in the period 2008–2018. Changing Societies and Personalities, 3(4), 353–372. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2019.3.4.082
- Arsil, P., Tey, Y. S., Brindal, M., Phua, C. U., & Liana, D. (2018). Personal values underlying halal food consumption: Evidence from Indonesia and Malaysia. British Food Journal, 120(11), 2524–2538. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2017-0519
- Aziz, Y. A., & Chok, N. V. (2013). The role of halal awareness, halal certification, and marketing components in determining halal purchase intention among non-Muslims in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 25(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2013.723997
- Bohari, A. M., Hin, C. W., & Fuadz, N. (2013). An analysis on the competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: An approach of SWOT and ICT strategy. Malaysia Journal of Society and Space, 9(1), 1–11.
- Brucks, M., Zeithaml, V. A., & Naylor, G. (2000). Price and brand name as indicators of quality dimensions for consumer durables. Journal of Academy Marketing Science, 28(3), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300283005
- Canavari, M., Castellini, A., & Spadoni, R. (2010). Challenges in marketing quality food products. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 22(3–4), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974431003641141
- Chekima, B., Syed Khalid Wafa, S. A., Igau, O. A., Chekima, S., & Sondoh, S. L., Jr. (2016). Examining green consumerism motivational drivers: Does premium price and demographics matter to green purchasing? Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 3436–3450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.102
- Chukwu, B. A., Kanu, E. C., & Ezeabogu, A. N. (2019). The impact of advertising on consumers buying behaviour. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 8(1), 1–15.
- Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2022). Understanding the intention-behavior gap: The role of intention strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 923464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464
- Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Business research methods (12th ed). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in behavioral research (12th ed). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Cravens, D. W. (2000). Strategic marketing. McGraw Hill.
- Du, C.-J., & Sun, D.-W. (2006). Learning techniques used in computer vision for food quality evaluation: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.11.017
- Eberhardt, T., Hubert, M., Lischka, H. M., Hubert, M., & Lin, Z. (2021). The role of subjective knowledge and perceived trustworthiness in fair trade consumption for fashion and food products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 38(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-08-2019-3356
- Fetscherin, M., Boulanger, M., Gonçalves Filho, C., & Souki, G. Q. (2014). The effect of product category on consumer brand relationships. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 23(2), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-05-2013-0310
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.
- Fleșeriu, C., Cosma, S. A., & Bocăneț, V. (2020). Values and planned behaviour of the Romanian organic food consumer. Sustainability, 12(5), Article 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051722
- Garvin, D. A. (1984). What does “product quality” really mean? MIT Sloan Management Review, 25, 25–43.
- Guru, R. R. D., & Paulssen, M. (2020). Customers’ experienced product quality: Scale development and validation. European Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 645–670. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-03-2018-0156
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed). Cengage.
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE.
- Hassan, S. H., Mat Saad, N., Masron, T. A., & Ali, S. I. (2022). Buy Muslim-made first—Does halal consciousness affect Muslims’ intention to purchase? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(2), 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2019-0102
- Hawkins, D. I., & Mothersbaugh, D. L. (2010). Consumer behavior: Building marketing strategy (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Henderson, J. C. (2016). Halal food, certification and halal tourism: Insights from Malaysia and Singapore. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19(Pt. B), 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.006
- Iranmanesh, M., Mirzaei, M., Parvin Hosseini, S. M., & Zailani, S. (2020). Muslims’ willingness to pay for certified halal food: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(1), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2018-0049
- Jacobson, R., & Aaker, D. A. (1987). The strategic role of product quality. Journal of Marketing, 51(4), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298705100404
- Janssen, M. (2018). Determinants of organic food purchases: Evidence from household panel data. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.02.002
- Jeaheng, Y., Al-Ansi, A., & Han, H. (2020). Impacts of Halal-friendly services, facilities, and food and Beverages on Muslim travelers’ perceptions of service quality attributes, perceived price, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 29(7), 787–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1715317
- Khan, F., & Callanan, M. (2017). The “Halalification” of tourism. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2016-0001
- Korda, A. P., & Snoj, B. (2007). Direct and indirect effects of perceived price on perceived value of mobile phones. Annales Des Télécommunications, 62(9–10), 967– 989. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03253301
- Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2016). Principles of marketing (16th ed.). Pearson.
- Kousheshi, M. R., Aali, S., Bafandeh Zendeh, A. R., & Iranzadeh, S. (2020). The antecedents and consequences of online relationship quality in internet purchases. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(1), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2019-0002
- Kurniawati, D. A., & Savitri, H. (2020). Awareness level analysis of Indonesian consumers toward halal products. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 522–546. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-10-2017-0104
- Kusumawardani, K. A., & Yolanda, M. (2021). The role of animosity, religiosity, and allocentrism in shaping purchase intention through ethnocentrism and brand image. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 12(2), 503–525. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2021.12.67
- Lada, S., Tanakinjal, G. H., & Amin, H. (2009). Predicting intention to choose halal products using theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 2(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538390910946276
- Lamb, C. W., Hair, J. F., & McDaniel, C. (2011). Marketing (11th ed.). Cengage.
- Leiliyanti, E., Dewi, D., Putri, L., Fariza, F., Saputra, Z., Wiyakintra, A., & Albab, M. (2022). Patriarchal language evaluation of Muslim women’s body, sexuality, and domestication discourse on Indonesian male clerics preaching. Changing Societies and Personalities, 6(3), 634–654. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.3.193
- Ling, A. P. A. (2007). The impact of marketing mix on customer satisfaction: A case study deriving consensus rankings from benchmarking [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. Meiji University.
- Marzuki, S. Z. S. (2016). Halal certification: A viewpoint from Malaysian restaurant managers. Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review, 1(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.20522/APJBR.2016.1.1.23
- Marzuki, S. Z. S., Hall, C. M., & Ballantine, P. W. (2012). Restaurant managers’ perspectives on halal certification. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211206581
- Mitchell, M. C., Rafi, M. I. M., Severe, S., & Kappen, J. (2014). Conventional vs. Islamic finance: The impact of Ramadan upon Sharia-compliant markets. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 5(1), 105–124.
- Muhammad, A. M., Basha, M. B., & AlHafidh, G. (2020). UAE Islamic banking promotional strategies: An empirical review. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 405– 422. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-10-2018-0205
- Muhammad, H., & Sari, N. P. (2021). Halal responsibilities through Islamic business ethics practices: Implementation of trustworthy and fair values in traditional markets. In H. Pratikto, A. Taufiq, A. Voak, N. Deuraseh, H. Nur, W. Dahlan, Idris, & A. Purnomo (Eds.), Halal development: Trends, opportunities and challenges: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Halal Development (ICHaD 2020), Malang, Indonesia, October 8, 2020 (pp. 94–99). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003189282-16
- Mulia, D., Usman, H., & Parwanto, N. B. (2021). The role of customer intimacy in increasing Islamic bank customer loyalty in using e-banking and m-banking. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(6), 1097–1123. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2019-0190
- Newberry, R. C., Klemz, B. R., & Boshoff, C. (2003). Managerial implications of predicting purchase behavior from purchase intentions: A retail patronage case study. Journal of Services Marketing, 17(6), 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040310495636
- Pahim, K. M. B., Jemali, S., & Mohamad, S. J. A. N. S. (2012, April). An empirical research on relationship between demand, people and awareness towards training needs: A case study in Malaysia Halal logistics industry. In Proceedings of 2012 IEEE Business, Engineering & Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC) (pp. 246–251). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/BEIAC.2012.6226062
- Perreault, W., Cannon, J., & McCarthy, E. J. (2013). Basic marketing: A marketing strategy planning approach (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Potluri, R. M., Ansari, R., Khan, S. R., & Dasaraju, S. R. (2017). A crystallized exposition on Indian Muslims’ attitude and consciousness towards halal. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2015-0005
- Prabowo, S., Abd Rahman, A., Ab Rahman, S., & Samah, A. A. (2015). Revealing factors hindering halal certification in East Kalimantan Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 6(2), 268–291. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2014-0040
- Rajagopal, S., Ramanan, S., Visvanathan, R., & Satapathy, S. (2011). Halal certification: Implication for marketers in UAE. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(2), 138– 153. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111139857
- Rezai, G., Mohamed, Z., & Shamsudin, M. N. (2015). Can halal be sustainable? Study on Malaysian consumers’ perspective. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 21(6), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2014.883583
- Richardson, J. (2019). Religious freedom in flux: The European Court of Human Rights grapples with ethnic, cultural, religious, and legal pluralism. Changing Societies and Personalities, 3(4), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2019.3.4.079
- Rivière, A. (2015). Towards a model of the perceived value of innovation: The key role of perceived benefits ahead of the adoption process. Recherche et Applications En Marketing (English Edition), 30(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051570714560317
- Said, M., Hassan, F., Musa, R., & Rahman, N. A. (2014). Assessing consumers’ perception, knowledge and religiosity on Malaysia’s Halal food products. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.015
- Shah, S. A., Azhar, S. M., & Bhutto, N. A. (2020). Halal marketing: A marketing strategy perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1641–1655. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0211
- Shahid, S., Parray, M. A., Thomas, G., Farooqi, R., & Islam, J. U. (2023). Determinants of Muslim consumers’ halal cosmetics repurchase intention: An emerging market’s perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(3), 826–850. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-08-2021-0265
- Shamsi, H. R., Najafabadi, M. O., & Hosseini, S. J. F. (2020). Designing a three-phase pattern of organic product consumption behaviour. Food Quality and Preference, 79, Article 103743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103743
- Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention–behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772143000003
- Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016). The intention–behavior gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265
- Snoj, B., Korda, A. P., & Mumel, D. (2004). The relationships among perceived quality, perceived risk and perceived product value. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(3), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420410538050
- Söderlund, M., & Öhman, N. (2003). Behavioral intentions in satisfaction research revisited. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 16, 53–66.
- Syahrivar, J. (2021). Hijab no more: A phenomenological study. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(3), 1969–1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01068-7
- Syahrivar, J., Hermawan, S. A., Gyulavári, T., & Chairy, C. (2022). Religious compensatory consumption in the Islamic context: The mediating roles of religious social control and religious guilt. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(4), 739–758. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2021-0104
- Tandon, A, Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Kushwah, S., & Salo, J. (2020). Why do people buy organic food? The moderating role of environmental concerns and trust. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, Article 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102247
- Tucker, M., Jubb, C., & Yap, C. J. (2020). The theory of planned behaviour and student banking in Australia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(1), 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2018-0324
- Usman, H., Chairy, C., & Projo, N. W. K. (2022). Impact of Muslim decision-making style and religiosity on intention to purchasing certified halal food. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(11), 2268–2289. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2021-0027
- Usman, H., Chairy, C., & Projo, N. W. K. (2023). Between awareness of halal food products and awareness of halal-certified food products. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(3), 851–870. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2021-0233
- Usman, H., Projo, N. W. K., Chairy, C., & Haque, M. G. (2022). The exploration role of Sharia compliance in technology acceptance model for e-banking (Case: Islamic bank in Indonesia). Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(5), 1089–1110. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-08-2020-0230
- Usman, H., Projo, N. W. K., Chairy, C., & Haque, M. G. (2024). The role of trust and perceived risk on Muslim behavior in buying halal-certified food. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(7), 1902–1921. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2021-0303
- Usman, H., Tjiptoherijanto, P., Balqiah, T. E., & Agung, I. G. N. (2017). The role of religious norms, trust, importance of attributes and information sources in the relationship between religiosity and selection of the Islamic bank. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(2), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2015-0004
- Vanany, I., Soon, J. M., Maryani, A., & Wibawa, B. M. (2020). Determinants of halal-food consumption in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2018-0177
- Verbeke, W., Rutsaert, P., Bonne, K., & Vermeir, I. (2013). Credence quality coordination and consumers’ willingness-to-pay for certified halal labelled meat. Meat Science, 95(4), 790–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.042
- Wang, Y., Po Lo, H., Chi, R., & Yang, Y. (2004). An integrated framework for customer value and customer-relationship-management performance: A customer-based perspective from China. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(2–3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520410528590
- Westaby, J. D. (2005). Behavioral reasoning theory: Identifying new linkages underlying intentions and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.003
- Widyanto, H. A., Syahrivar, J., Genoveva, G., & Chairy, C. (2022). Intention to use peer-to-peer (P2P) lending: The roles of perceived structural assurance and perceived critical mass. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 13(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2022.13.76
- Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lee, S. (2000). An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 195– 211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300282002
- Yunos, R. M., Mahmood, C. F. C., & Abd Mansor, N. H. (2014). Understanding mechanisms to promote Halal industry—The stakeholders’ views. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.020
- Yusuf, A. H., Oyelakin, I. O., Shukor, S. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2017). The role of halal certification in business performance in Selangor: A study on kopitiams. Malaysian Management Journal, 21, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.32890/mmj.21.2017.9052
- Yusuf, A. H., Shukor, S. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2016). Halal certification vs business growth of food industry in Malaysia. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(3), 247–251. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOEBM.2016.V4.399
- Zailani, S., Iranmanesh, M., Aziz, A. A., & Kanapathy, K. (2017). Halal logistics opportunities and challenges. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2015-0028
- Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302







