Unveiling Compensatory Mechanisms of Muslim Minority Groups in Hungary
Abstract
The growing population of Muslim consumers and their increasing economic influence have driven the expansion of Islamic goods and services across Europe. However, it is essential to examine how the scarcity of Islamic products and services—or the lack of an Islam-friendly environment, particularly for those living abroad—shapes the behaviors and preferences of Muslim minority groups. In an era of increasing secularization, understanding the complexities of religious practices is crucial, especially for business practitioners seeking to meet the diverse needs of Muslim consumers. This phenomenological study explores the underlying motivations behind compensatory mechanisms among Muslim minorities. Using a qualitative approach, twenty participants from Muslim communities in Hungary took part in in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observational studies to examine their compensatory behaviors while living abroad. The analysis identified ten key themes, offering valuable insights into the diverse dimensions of compensatory mechanisms in the Islamic context and their implications for businesses and policymakers in evolving societies.
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consumer compromises: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Marketing Management,
34(1–2), 96–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1373693
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money. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 116–124. https://doi.org/
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identity related to well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(4), 2120–2134.
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study of Hungary. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 14(1), 104–120.
https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.141.07
Aytar, E., & Bodor, P. (2019). Discourses of being a Muslim woman in
contemporary Hungary and the hijab paradox. Quaderni di Sociologia, 80, 33–50.
https://doi.org/10.4000/qds.2609
Bandura, A. (2007). Impeding ecological sustainability through selective moral
disengagement. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,
2(1), 8–35. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2007.016056
Bennett, J., Greene, G., & Schwartz-Barcott, D. (2013). Perceptions of emotional
eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite, 60, 187–192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.023
Beta, A. R. (2021). Out of thin air: Emerging Muslim fashion entrepreneurs
and the spectre of labour in Indonesia. Continuum, 35(6), 824–837. https://doi.org/
10.1080/10304312.2021.1993569
Chairy, & Syahrivar, J. (2019). Bika Ambon of Indonesia: History, culture,
and its contribution to tourism sector. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6, Article 2.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0006-6
Charzyńska, E., Gruszczyńska, E., & Heszen-Celińska, I. (2020). The role of
forgiveness and gratitude in the quality of life of alcohol-dependent persons. Addiction
Research & Theory, 28(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1642332
Chernev, A., & Hamilton, R. (2008). Compensatory reasoning in choice. In
M. Wänke (Ed.), Social psychology of consumer behavior (pp. 131–150). Psychology
Press.
Constantinou, C. S., Georgiou, M., & Perdikogianni, M. (2017). A comparative
method for themes saturation (CoMeTS) in qualitative interviews. Qualitative Research,
17(5), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794116686650
Craddock, E., vanDellen, M. R., Novak, S. A., & Ranby, K. W. (2015). Influence
in relationships: A meta-analysis on health-related social control. Basic and Applied
Social Psychology, 37(2), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1011271
Duderija, A. (2007). Literature review: Identity construction in the context of being
a minority immigrant religion: The case of western-born Muslims. Immigrants and
Minorities, 25(2), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619280802018132
El-Bassiouny, N. M. (2017). The Trojan horse of affluence and halal in the
Arabian Gulf. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(4), 578–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/
JIMA-12-2015-0094
Ellison, C. G. (1995). Rational choice explanations of individual religious behavior:
Notes on the problem of social embeddedness. Journal for the Scientific Study
of Religion, 34(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386525
Fadil, N. (2013). Performing the salat [Islamic prayers] at work: Secular and pious
Muslims negotiating the contours of the public in Belgium. Ethnicities, 13(6), 729–750.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812471129
Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93–106.
https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93
Gauthier, F. (2018). From nation-state to market: The transformations of religion
in the global era, as illustrated by Islam. Religion, 48(3), 382–417. https://doi.org/
10.1080/0048721X.2018.1482615
Gibbs, J. P. (1977). Social control, deterrence, and perspectives on social order.
Social Forces, 56(2), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/56.2.408
Goulding, C. (2005). Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology:
A comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing research. European
Journal of Marketing, 39(3/4), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560510581782
Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design
illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 42–55.
https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690400300104
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?
An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
Hackett, C., Connor, P., Stonawski, M., & Potančoková, M. (2017, November 29).
Europe’s growing Muslim population. Pew Research Center. http://pewrsr.ch/2zABqwg
Hathcoat, J. D., Cho, Y., & Kim, S. (2013). Development and validation of the
collegiate religious dissonance scale. Journal of College and Character, 14(2), 153–
164. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcc-2013-0020
Hazim, H., & Musdholifah, N. (2021). Mediatization of Islam; The case of the
Indonesian Muslims in Hungary. The Journal of Society and Media, 5(1), 42–57.
https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v5n1.p42-57
Henrich, J. (2009). The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and
religion: Credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural
evolution. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(4), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005
Hogg, M. A. (2016). Social identity theory. In S. McKeown, R. Haji, & N. Ferguson
(Eds.), Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory (pp. 3–17).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_1
Jaiswal, A. K., & Gupta, S. (2015). The influence of marketing on consumption
behavior at the bottom of the pyramid. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(2), 113–124.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-05-2014-0996
Jones, C. (2010). Materializing piety: Gendered anxieties about faithful
consumption in contemporary urban Indonesia. American Ethnologist, 37(4), 617–637.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01275.x
Kang, M., & Johnson, K. K. (2011). Retail therapy: Scale development. Clothing
and Textiles Research Journal, 29(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X11399424
Kitzinger, J. (1995). Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311, 299–302.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299
Koles, B., Wells, V., & Tadajewski, M. (2018). Compensatory consumption and
consumer compromises: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Marketing Management,
34(1–2), 96–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1373693
Kurt, D., Inman, J. J., & Gino, F. (2018). Religious shoppers spend less
money. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 116–124. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.019
Laurent, S. M., & Clark, B. A. (2019). What makes hypocrisy? Folk definitions,
attitude/behavior combinations, attitude strength, and private/public distinctions.
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/
01973533.2018.1556160
Lederer, G. (1992). Islam in Hungary. Central Asian Survey, 11(1), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939208400762
Leiliyanti, E., Dewi, D. A., Putri, L. N., Fariza, F., Saputra, Z., Wiyakintra, A., &
Albab, M. U. (2022). Patriarchal language evaluation of Muslim women’s body, sexuality,
and domestication discourse on Indonesian male clerics preaching. Changing
Societies and Personalities, 6(3), 634–654. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.3.193
Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The compensatory
consumer behavior model: How self-discrepancies drive consumer behavior. Journal
of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2016.05.003
Matthews, M. A., & Mazzocco, P. J. (2017). Perceptions of religious hypocrisy:
When moral claims exceed moral action. Review of Religious Research, 59(4), 519–
528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0307-4
Mittermaier, A. (2013). Trading with God: Islam, calculation, excess. In J. Boddy
& M. Lambek (Eds.), A companion to the anthropology of religion (pp. 274–293). Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118605936.ch15
Mukhtar, A., & Mohsin Butt, M. (2012). Intention to choose Halal
products: The role of religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(2), 108–120.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211232519
Mumuni, A. G., Veeck, A., Luqmani, M., Quraeshi, Z. A., & Kamarulzaman, Y.
(2018). Religious identity, community and religious minorities’ search efforts for
religiously sanctioned food: The case of halal food in non-Muslim majority markets.
International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(6), 586–598. https://doi.org/
10.1111/ijcs.12423
Negrea-Busuioc, E., Daba-Buzoianu, C., & Cîrtiță-Buzoianu, C. (2015). Unveiling
Romanian Muslim women. An inquiry into the religious and identity-building meanings
of the hijab. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 14(42), 147–171.
Nica, A. A. (2020). Leaving my religion: How ex-fundamentalists reconstruct
identity related to well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(4), 2120–2134.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00975-8
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (2012). Muslim integration into Western
cultures: Between origins and destinations. Political Studies, 60(2), 228–251.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x
Pap, N., & Glied, V. (2018). Hungary’s turn to the East: Jobbik and Islam. Europe–
Asia Studies, 70(7), 1036–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1464126
Račius, E. (2021). Experience of Muslims in Eastern Europe. In R. Lukens-Bull
& M. Woodward (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary Islam and Muslim lives (pp. 171–
189). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32626-5_14
Richardson, J. (2019). Religious freedom in flux: The European Court of Human
Rights grapples with ethnic, cultural, religious, and legal pluralism. Changing Societies
and Personalities, 3(4), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2019.3.4.079
Rinallo, D., & Alemany Oliver, M. (2019). The marketing and consumption of
spirituality and religion. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 16(1), 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2019.1555885
Rosenberg, M. (1962). The dissonant religious context and emotional disturbance.
American Journal of Sociology, 68(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1086/223261
Rózsa, E. N. (2011). The exceptionality of Central Europe: The Muslim
minorities (HIIA Papers T-2011/17). Hungarian Institute of International Affairs.
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Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
Syahrivar, J., Gyulavári, T., & Chairy, C.
(2025).
Unveiling Compensatory Mechanisms of Muslim Minority Groups in Hungary.
Changing Societies & Personalities, 9(1), 168–192.
doi:10.15826/csp.2025.9.1.323
Section
Articles
