On Professional Values Under a State of War: Exile Journalists From Ukraine in Russia
Abstract
This paper discusses the case of exile journalists from Ukraine who moved to Russia between 2014 and 2022. What, in terms of journalistic norms, was unacceptable to them in the Ukrainian journalistic field? What did they find problematic in this respect in Russia? These were the basic questions driving the research, in the course of which 15 exile journalists were interviewed; their answers were analysed using Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. The findings presented in the paper show that, despite all the difficulties of their personal situations, exile journalist still consider professional values such as independence and truth-telling to be important, continuing to use these normative yardsticks to measure the quality of the journalistic condition. The biggest concern that most of the informants shared was that journalists in both Russia and Ukraine used the language of hatred and discrimination toward political and cultural others, that is so-called antagonistic discourse that only contribute to the spiralling of violence and can never help in reaching peace. These findings allow the suggestion that by occupying a unique position from which to witness the contingency of hegemonic orders exile journalists advocating for peace may re-affirm the values of human dignity and peaceful coexistence, two basic principles of the journalistic profession, as identified by UNESCO.
References
- Al-Ghazzi, O. (2023). “Forced to report”: Affective proximity and the perils of local reporting on Syria. Journalism, 24(2), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920984874
- Baysha, O. (2018). Miscommunicating social change: Lessons from Russia and Ukraine. Lexington Books.
- Baysha, O. (2020). Dehumanizing political others: A discursive-material perspective. Critical Discourse Studies, 17(3), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1567364
- Baysha, O. (2023). War, peace, and populist discourse in Ukraine. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003379164
- Bishara, A. A. (2013). Back stories: US news production and Palestinian politics. Stanford University Press.
- Brooten, L. (2006). Political violence and journalism in a multiethnic state: A case study of Burma (Myanmar). Journal of Communication Inquiry, 30(4), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859906290841
- Carpentier, N. (2017). The discursive-material knot: Cyprus in conflict and community media participation. Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4331-3754-9
- Cohen, D. (2022, April 14). Testimony reveals Zelensky’s secret police plot to “Liquidate” opposition figure Anatoly Shariy. Mint Press News. https://www.mintpressnews.com/volodymyr-zelensky-secret-police-hunted-down-opposition-anatoly-shariy/280200/
- Cook, C. E. (2016). Fragile finance: The revenue models of oppositional news outlets in repressive regimes. International Communication Gazette, 78(6), 514–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516640212
- Crete-Nishihata, M., & Tsui, L. (2023). “The truth of what’s happening”: How Tibetan exile media develop and maintain journalistic authority. Journalism, 24(2), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211044899
- Domańska, M. (2023). Russian civil society actors in exile: An underestimated agent of change (SWP Comment No. 26). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. https://doi.org/10.18449/2023C26
- Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.
- Geybulla, A. (2023). Uncensored journalism in censored times: Challenges of reporting on Azerbaijan. Journalism, 24(2), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211036872
- Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks (Q. Hoare & G. Nowell Smith, Eds. & Trans.). Lawrence & Wishart.
- Harb, Z. (2011). Channels of resistance in Lebanon: Liberation propaganda, Hezbollah and the media. IB Tauris.
- Ishchenko, V. (2020). Insufficiently diverse: The problem of nonviolent leverage and radicalization of Ukraine’s Maidan uprising, 2013–2014. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 11(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1879366520928363
- Korzun, I. (2020, January 9). Proigravshii vybory soratnik Poroshenko prodaet v sotssetiakh konservy “Separ v smetane” [Poroshenko’s ally who lost the elections is selling on social networks canned food “Separ in Sour Cream”]. Strana.ua. https://ctrana.news/news/243541-veteran-ato-sozdal-sobstvennye-konservy-separ-v-smetane-.html
- Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. Verso.
- Mano, W. (2005). Press freedom, professionalism and proprietorship: Behind the Zimbabwean media divide. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 2, 56–70. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.42
- Marcetic, B. (2023, February 25). The state of Ukrainian democracy is not strong. Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/02/ukraine-censorship-authoritarianism-illiberalism-crackdown-police-zelensky
- Mellado, C. (Ed.). (2020). Beyond journalistic norms: Role performance and news in comparative perspective. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429425509
- Moen-Larsen, N. (2020). “Suitcase–shelling–Russia”: Narratives about refugees from Ukraine in Russian media. East European Politics, 36(1), 124–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2019.1693367
- Munro, I., & Kenny, K. (2024). Whistleblower as activist and exile: The case of Edward Snowden. Organization, 31(6), 994–1008. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084231194824
- Myrolub, S. (2022, March 19). Kyiv’s unobserved war against dissident public intellectuals. New Cold War. https://newcoldwar.org/kyivs-unobserved-war-against-dissident-public-intellectuals/?fiSXZz0O8haMAidWLak3rCB0WA9V8&mibextid=AtveJy
- Myshlovska, O. (2023). Providing meaning to violence: Multiple mobilizations and dynamics of conflict escalation from November 2013 until February 2014 in Ukraine. Nationalities Papers, 52(4), 735–760. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.5
- Ogunyemi, A. (Ed.). (2017). Media, diaspora and conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56642-9
- Peralta García, L. P., & Ouariachi, T. (2023). Syrian journalists covering the war: Assessing perceptions of fear and security. Media, War & Conflict, 16(1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635221999377
- Said, E. W. (1994). Representations of the intellectual: The 1993 Reith lectures. Vintage Books.
- Sindelar, D. (2014, April 28). What’s orange and black and bugging Ukraine? Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-colorado-beetle-separatists/25365793.html
- Thompson, A. (Ed.). (2007). The media and the Rwanda genocide (With a statement by Kofi Annan). Pluto Press.
- UNESCO. (1983). International principles of professional ethics in journalism. Diacomet. https://diacomet.eu/data_base/international-principles-of-professional-ethics-in-journalism/
- Waisbord, S. (2013). Reinventing professionalism: Journalism and news in global perspective. Polity Press.
- Yasinsky, O. (2022, March 21). Witchhunt in Ukraine against journalists, activists and left-wing politicians. Pressenza. https://www.pressenza.com/2022/03/witchhunt-in-ukraine-against-journalists-activists-and-left-wing-politicians
- Ze!President. (2022a, March 20). 24 den’ vіini. Vechіrne zvernennia Prezidenta Ukraini Volodimira Zelens’kogo do ukraintsіv [An evening address of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky to Ukrainians] [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFi62XVLJSE
- Ze!President. (2022b, June 11). Zelens’kii zvernuvsia do uchasnikіv Azіis’kogo samіtu z bezpeki “Dіalog Shangrі-La” [Zelensky addressed the participants of the Shangri-La Dialogue Asian Security Summit] [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QcS-ptla9Abclid=IwAR1LHpSOzu2V6gvucgJQ5g5OkRF_TY
- Zelensky put into effect decision on unique telethon “United News #UArazom”. (2022, March 20). Institute of Mass Information. https://imi.org.ua/en/news/zelensky-put-into-effect-decision-on-unique-telethon-united-news-uarazom-i44486