Factors Contributing to the Relatively Low Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship in Russia
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is notably characterized by gender disparities, adversely impacting aggregate income and productivity. Accordingly, this study investigates the determinants of gender gaps in entrepreneurship in Russia, where the entrepreneurship gender gap, which is defined as the difference in entrepreneurial participation rates between men and women, is approximately 2%. Since the 2000s, this gap has remained relatively stable and is notably smaller than in many developed and developing countries. As such, the article highlights Russia’s relatively strong performance in fostering inclusive entrepreneurship using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, encompassing 197,699 observations from 33,889 individuals (55% women) between 2000 and 2019. Based on panel data regression models and incorporating a comprehensive set of independent variables, including age, education, health status, marital status, number of children, religious participation, physical exercise, trust, migration background, ethnicity, and residence in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The findings reveal that participation in physical exercise and religious events significantly predicts entrepreneurial activity by gender, offering insights for reducing gender disparities in entrepreneurship. In contrast, traditional variables such as education, marital status, and number of children exhibit negligible effects. These results remain robust across different measures of entrepreneurship and hold when differentiating between necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Therefore, the findings suggest that Russia’s experience in narrowing gender gaps in entrepreneurship may serve as a model for other countries.
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Eastern European countries: Individual characteristics and the gender gap. Regional
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https://doi.org/10.1177/22779787211064505
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levels from the perspective of clusters of European countries. Journal of Developmental
Entrepreneurship, 26(4), Article 2150024. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500242
Guo, X., & Werner, J. M. (2016). Gender, family and business: An empirical study
of incorporated self-employed individuals in the U.S. International Journal of Gender
and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 373–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-12-2015-0046
Guzman, J., & Kacperczyk, A. (2019). Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Research
Policy, 48(7), 1666–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.012
Ilie, C., Monfort, A., Fornes, G., & Cardoza, G. (2021). Promoting female
entrepreneurship: The impact of gender gap beliefs and perceptions. SAGE Open,
11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211018468
Kaneva, M., Malyutina, S., Moiseenko, V., & Kudryavtsev, A. (2024). Seasonal
differences in participation and time spent in physical activity in Russia: The Know
Your Heart survey. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management,
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Kolesnik, D. P., Pestova, A. A., & Donina, A. G. (2021). Chto (zhe) delat’
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uchrezhdenii [What should we do about the employment of women with children in
Russia? The role of preschool educational institutions]. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 12, 94–
117. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-12-94-117
Kozyreva, P., Kosolapov, M., & Popkin, B. M. (2016). Data resource profile:
The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey—Higher School of Economics (RLMS–
HSE) Phase II: Monitoring the economic and health situation in Russia, 1994–2013.
International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(2), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/
dyv357
Kvanina, V. V., Gromova, E. A., & Spiridonova, A. V. (2020). Gosudarstvennaia
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entrepreneurship]. Woman in Russian Society, 4, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.21064/
WinRS.2020.4.5
Lechner, M. (2009). Long-run labour market and health effects of individual
sports activities. Journal of Health Economics, 28(4), 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jhealeco.2009.05.003
Lévesque, M., & Minniti, M. (2006). The effect of aging on entrepreneurial
behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jbusvent.2005.04.003
Lewis, V. A., MacGregor, C. A., & Putnam, R. D. (2013). Religion, networks, and
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Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
Tovar-García, E.
(2025).
Factors Contributing to the Relatively Low Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship in Russia.
Changing Societies & Personalities, 9(1), 218–241.
doi:10.15826/csp.2025.9.1.325
Section
Articles
