Misperceived Motives of Female Terrorism: Its Antecedents and Consequences

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2026.10.1.377

Abstract

In this research, comprising three studies, we aimed to explore the psychological dynamics underlying the misperceptions of female terrorism, suggesting that female terrorists are often judged as being less motivated by idealistic or politico-religious reasons. Exploratory Factor analysis in Study 1 (N = 109) revealed that, in the eyes of the observers, religious and political motives of female terrorism formed a single dimension. Study 2 (N = 825) and Study 3 (N = 695) employed Structural Equation Modelling to examine the role of male collective narcissism as a predictor and resistance to programs addressing female terrorism as a consequence. Findings from Studies 2 and 3 consistently demonstrated that male collective narcissism significantly predicts the misperceived motives of female terrorism and resistance to related programs (i.e., counter-terrorism, deradicalization). Furthermore, the misperceived motives of female terrorism mediate the relationship between male collective narcissism and resistance to these programs. Extending Study 2, Study 3 revealed that the perception of illegitimacy surrounding such programs plays a critical role in explaining why misperceived motives of female terrorism resulted in increased resistance. These results underscore the importance of addressing the psychological roots of societal resistance to combat terrorism involving women effectively.

Author Biographies

Ali Mashuri, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Ali Mashuri is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia. He graduated from the Doctoral Program in the Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He is interested in explaining social-psychological phenomena, including radicalism/terrorism, group identification, intergroup helping, beliefs in conspiracy theories, collective action, and intergroup reconciliation. Focusing on quantitative research, he investigates such research topics using both correlational and experimental methods.

Milda Istiqomah, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Milda Istiqomah is an Associate Professor in the Criminal Law Department, Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya. She obtained her Bachelor of Laws degree from Universitas Brawijaya, followed by a Master of Transnational Crime Prevention from the University of Wollongong, and a PhD from the University of New South Wales, Australia. Her research interests include terrorism, transnational crime, international criminal law, and human rights protection. She has published extensively in reputable, Scopus-indexed journals and is actively engaged as a speaker at international conferences and in cross-border collaborative projects on criminal justice and legal policy.

Fachrizal Afandi, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Fachrizal Afandi is an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at the Department of Criminal Justice Law, Faculty of Law, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia. He obtained his PhD in Law and Criminal Justice from Leiden University, the Netherlands. His academic focus includes criminal law, criminal procedure, criminal justice, prosecutorial systems, due process of law, and socio-legal research. His work frequently bridges academic inquiry and legal reform, contributing directly to national initiatives such as the revision of the Criminal Procedure Code (RKUHAP) and the institutional reform of Indonesia’s prosecution service.

Ilhamuddin Ilhamuddin, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Ilhamuddin is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia. He has researched psychological topics such as psychological intervention in organizational setting, people development, and human capital issues.

Sofia Nuryanti, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Sofia Nuryanti is a lecturer in Psychology at Universitas Brawijaya with research interests in Industrial and Organizational Psychology and Psychological Measurement. She is actively involved in community service, focusing on organizational behavior and change, organizational governance, and stakeholder engagement. Her research topics of interest include work–life balance, flexible working, work gratitude, life satisfaction, supportive work environment, happiness at work, and psychological measurement.

Esti Zaduqisti, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang

Esti Zaduqisti is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia. She obtained a Doctoral Degree from the Faculty of Psychology and Education, State University of Malang, Indonesia. She has researched psychological topics such as religious moderation and self-regulated learning. This scientific work has been published in reputable national and international journals.

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Published
2026-04-17
How to Cite
Mashuri, A., Istiqomah, M., Afandi, F., Ilhamuddin, I., Nuryanti, S., & Zaduqisti, E. (2026). Misperceived Motives of Female Terrorism: Its Antecedents and Consequences. Changing Societies & Personalities, 10(1), 126-155. doi:10.15826/csp.2026.10.1.377
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Vol. 10, No. 1 (2026)
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