Discourse of Modernist Heritage and New Ways of Thinking about Socialist Urban Areas in Eastern Europe

  • Mikhail S. Ilchenko Institute for Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO), Germany http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-8821

Abstract

Dealing with the socialist urban legacy proved to become one of main challenges for the cities of Eastern Europe in the last decades. The fall of socialism found most of the socialist urban areas either as “rejected” heritage or as a sort of “devastated” spaces which had lost their functional meaning, symbolic significance, and any clear narratives. In such conditions, it is particularly important to watch out for those processes, which enable socialist urban legacy to acquire new languages and symbols in order to be included into the current social dynamics. This article explores the potential of the world modernist heritage discourse in giving a new approach to interpreting urban legacy of socialist era. Over the past decade, the sharp increase in the activities around re-thinking and revitalization of modernist heritage turned into a global trend. For Eastern Europe modernist legacy appeared to become a certain lens, through which it is possible to explore various visions of the Eastern European urban past within different contexts. The article seeks to reveal how the global discourse of modernist heritage influences current perceptions and attitudes towards the socialist urban legacy in the Eastern European countries, and aims to find out to what extent it facilitates integration of this legacy into changing symbolic contexts.

Author Biography

Mikhail S. Ilchenko, Institute for Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO), Germany

Mikhail S. Ilchenko is a senior researcher at the Institute for Philosophy and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch (Yekaterinburg, Russia), and a lecturer at the Ural Federal University. He also works as a research fellow at the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO) (Leipzig, Germany). His research interests focus on post-socialist urban studies and social meanings of architecture. Currently, he is involved in a number of international academic projects aimed to analyze symbolic transformation of the post-socialist urban areas in Eastern Europe.

References


  • Asriian, A. (2014, May 26). Administratsiia Nizhnego Novgoroda planiruet razrabotat’ novyĭ proekt planirovki Avtozavodskogo parka kul’tury do kontsa 2014 goda [Administration of Nizhny Novgorod Plans to Establish New Planning Project for Avtozavodskij Park of Culture Up to the End of 2014]. NTA-Privolzh’e. Retrieved from https://www.nta-nn.ru/news/society/2014/news_513536/

  • Austin, R. C. (2004). Building Utopia: Erecting Russia’s First Modern City, 1930. Kent State University Press.

  • Bartetzky, A., Dietz C., & Haspel J. (Eds). (2014). Von der Ablehnung zur Aneignung? Das architektonische Erbe des Sozialismus in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Ort, Verlag: Wien, Köln, Weimar, Böhlau.

  • Bauhaus na Urale: ot Solikamska do Orska [Bauhaus in the Urals: from Solikamsk to Orsk]. (2008). Yekaterinburg: Materials of the International Scientific Conference, 12–16 November 2007.

  • Beil, H., & Schmitz, R. (2002). Günter Förg- Photographs: Bauhaus Tel Aviv-Jerusalem. Berlin: Hatje Cantz Publishers.

  • Beliakova, I., Dushkina, N., & Mikeska, R. (2006). Heritage at Risk: Preservation of 20th Century Architecture and World Heritage. In Moscow, 17–20 April 2006: Proceedings of Scientific Conference: Abstract Collection. Moscow: Moscow Architectural Institute.

  • Belova, E., & Savitskaia, A. (2011). Kommunal’nyi avangard: kat.-putevoditel’ po sotsgorodam avtozavoda i Uralmasha v Nizhnem Novgorode i Yekaterinburge [Communal Avant-Garde: Catalogue-Guidebook]. Nizhnii Novgorod.

  • Bendichenko, S. (2013, October 8). “Sotsgorod” v Novokuznetske hotiat vnesti v spisok IUNESKO [Sotsgorod in Novokuznetsk Seeks to be Included in UNESCO World Heritage List]. RIA. Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20131008/968603876.html

  • Brade, I., & Neugebauer, C. (Eds). (2017). Urban Eurasia: Cities in Transformation. Berlin: DOM Publishers.

  • Bulsa, M., & Szmatloch, B. (2018). Sekrety Katowic. Lodz: Księży Młyn Dom Wydawniczy.

  • Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. (2017). Socialist City [Note]. Retrieved from https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/themes/socialist-city/

  • Ciarkowski, B. (2017). Unwanted Heritage and its Cultural Potential. Values of Modernist Architecture from the Times of the Polish People’s Republic. MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne, 22.

  • Chojecka, E. (Ed.). (2004). Sztuka Górnego Śląska od średniowiecza do końca XX wieku. Katowice: Muzeum Śląskie.

  • Cohen, J.-L. (Ed.). (2011). Building the Revolution: Soviet Art and Architecture 1915–1935. London: Royal Academy Publications.

  • Crowley, D. (2009). Architecture and the Image of the Future in the People’s Republic of Poland. Journal of Architecture, 14, 67–84.

  • Czepczyński, M. (2008). Cultural Landscapes of Post-Socialist Cities. Representation of Powers and Needs. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

  • Czepczyński, M. (2010). Representations and Images of “Recent History”: The Transition of Post-Socialists Landscape Icons. In M. Dmitrieva & A. Kliems (Eds.), The Post-Socialist City. Continuity and Change in Urban Space and Imagery (pp. 16–33). Berlin: Jovis Verlag.

  • Dzhapakov, A. (2002). Vozvrashhenie imeni: Bela Shefler [Return of the Name: Bela Shefler]. Nauka i Zhizn’, 9. Retrieved from https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5128/

  • Ershov, G., & Savitskii, S. (Eds.). (2008). Progulki za iskusstvom: Leningrad–Moskva–Sverdlovsk [Art Walks: Leningrad–Moscow–Sverdlovsk]. Saint Petersburg.

  • Expert Interview with Alicja Maslak-Maciejewska (2018). Unpublished manuscript.

  • Expert Interview with Anna Syska (2019). Unpublished manuscript.

  • Expert Interview with Pyotr Boyko (2017). Unpublished manuscript.

  • Flierl, T. (2012). Standardstädte Ernst May in der Sowjetunion 1930–1933. Texte und Dokumente. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag Berlin.

  • Fraser, B. (2015). Toward an Urban Cultural Studies: Henri Lefebvre and the Humanities. Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Galusek, Ł. (Ed.). (2018). Architecture of Independence in Central Europe. Krakow: International Cultural Center.

  • Gdynia City Hall. (Ed.). (2016). Gdynia and Modernism. A Monument of History [Tourist Booklet]. Gdynia: Gdynia City Hall.

  • Haspel, J., Petzet, M., & Schmückle-Mollard, C. (Eds.). (2008). World Heritage Sites of the 20th Century – Gaps and Risk from a European Point of View. Michael Imhof Verlag.

  • Hlaváčková, P. (Ed.) (2012). Brněnskŷ architektonickŷ manual. Prûdovce architekturou 1918–1945. Dûm uměnĭ města Brna.

  • Hoppe, M. (2014). Zuerst verschwinden die Bilder, dann die Bauten. Fotograsche Aufnahmen baulicher Relikte des Sozialismus. In A. Bartetzky, C. Dietz & J. Haspel (Eds.), Von der Ablehnung zur Aneignung? Das architektonische Erbe des Sozialismus in Mittel- und Osteuropa (pp. 240–249). Wien, Köln, Weimar: Böhlau Verlag.

  • ICOMOS Germany. (Ed.). (2013). Socialist Realism and Socialist Modernism. World Heritage Proposals from Central and Eastern Europe [Documentation of the European Expert Meeting of ICOMOS on the Feasibility of an International Serial Nomination of 20th Century Monuments and Sites in Post-Socialist Countries for the UNESCO World Heritage List in Warsaw, 14th–15th of April 2013]. Berlin: Hendrik Bäßler Verlag.

  • Jurewicz, K. (2012). Nowa przestrzeń. Modernizm w Nowej Hucie. Kraków.

  • Kamenskii, S. (2017, June 26). Kak perezagruzit’ raĭon Uralmash, kotoryi nikto ne liubil [How to Re-Load the Uralmash District which Nobody Loved] [Interview]. ASI. Retrieved from https://www.asi.org.ru/article/2017/07/26/kamenskij-intervyu-uralmash/

  • Kiaer, C. (2005). Imagine No Possessions: The Socialist Objects of Russian Constructivism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  • Kladnik, A. (2009). Happy Living in a New Socialist Town. Construction, Design and the Distribution of the Apartments in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. In A. Bartetzky & M. Schalenberg (Eds.), Urban Planning and the Pursuit of Happiness: European Variations on a Universal Theme (18th–21st Centuries) (pp. 116–127). Berlin: Jovis Diskurs.

  • Kosenkova, J. (2009). Sovetskij gorod 1940-h–pervoj poloviny 1950-h gg.: Ot tvorcheskih poiskov k praktike stroitel’stva [Soviet City of 1940s – First Half of 1950s: From Creative Pursuits to Urban Planning Practice]. Moscow: LIBROKOM.

  • Kotkin, S. (1997). Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. University of California Press.

  • Kulić, V., Parker T., & Penick, M. (Eds.). (2015). Sanctioning Modernism: Architecture and the Making of Postwar Identities. University of Texas Press.

  • Lamparska, M. (2013). Post-Industrial Cultural Heritage Sites in the Katowice Conurbation, Poland. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 1(2), 36–42. DOI: 10.1515/environ-2015-0011

  • Lebow, K. (2013). Unfinished Utopia. Nowa Huta, Stalinism, and Polish Society. 1949–56. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Matoga, Ł. (2015). Exploring the History and Heritage of Communism in Nowa Huta District in Krakow, Poland: Potential or a Problem in Managing Tourism in a City? Journal of Hospitality and Management Tourism, 6(7), 90–103. DOI: 10.5897/JHMT2015.0160

  • Meerovich, M. (2011). Kladbishhe sotsgorodov: gradostroitel’naja politika v SSSR (1928–1932 gg.) [Cemetery of Socialist Cities: Urban Planning Policy in the USSR (1928–1932)]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.

  • Meuser, P., & Zadorin, D. (2015). Towards a Typology of Soviet Mass Housing. Prefabrication in the USSR 1955–1991. Berlin: DOM Publishers.

  • Miliutin, N. (1930). Sotsgorod. Problema stroitel’stva socialisticheskih gorodov [Sotsgorod; The Problem of Building Socialist Cities]. Moscow, Leningrad.

  • Mordovskiĭ, M. (2011). Shestoĭ posëolok – “gorod budushchego” [6th Settlement – “the City of the Future”] [Zaporizhia: Personal Guide]. Zaporozh’e: Dikoe pole.

  • Neville T., & Wilson, V. (Eds.). (2013). Building the Revolution. Soviet Art and Architecture 1915–1935 [Catalogue]. The Royal Academy of Arts, UK.

  • Obshchee: Buklet vystavochnogo proekta «1920–1930. Bauhaus. Avangard. Zaporozh’e, Har’kov, Dessau, Frankfurt-na-Majne» [A Common: Booklet of the Exhibition Project “1920–1930. Bauhaus. Avant-Garde. Zaporizhia, Kharkiv, Dessau, Frankfurt”]. (2010). Zaporizhia.

  • Odorowski, W. (2013). Architektura Katowic w latach międzywojennych 1922–1939. Katowice: Muzeum Śląskie w Katowicach.

  • Pare, R. (2007). Lost Vanguard: Russian Modernist Architecture 1922–1932. New York: The Monacelli Press.

  • Pozniak, K. (2013). Reinventing a Model Socialist Steel Town in the Neoliberal Economy: The Case of Nowa Huta, Poland. City & Society, 25, 113–134. DOI: 10.1111/ciso.12009

  • Pozniak, K. (2014). Nowa Huta: Generations of Change in a Model Socialist Town. University of Pittsburgh Press.

  • Prents, L. (2014). Musterplatten, Erzählmuster. Erinnerung, Identität und Autobiografie in den Werken zeitgenössischer Kunst zur Architektur der sozialistischen Moderne. In A. Bartetzky, C. Dietz & J. Haspel (Eds.), Von der Ablehnung zur Aneignung? Das architektonische Erbe des Sozialismus in Mittel- und Osteuropa (pp. 214–229). Wien, Köln, Weimar: Böhlau Verlag.

  • Rastorguev, A. (2011). Heritage of the Experiment. From the History of the Architectural Avant-Garde in Urals. Ural, 8, 205–223.

  • Ritter, K., & Vienna Center of Architecture (Eds.). (2013). Soviet Modernism 1955–1991: Unknown History. Zurich: Park Books.

  • Sibila, L. J. (2006). Nowa Huta: architektura i twórcy miasta idealnego: niezrealizowane projekty. Krakow: Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa.

  • Sigma. (2016). Nizhnij Novgorod: popytka sovremennogo opisanija [Nizhnij Novgorod: Attempt of Theoretical Reflection] [Set of notes]. Retrieved from https://syg.ma/arsenal-nlo

  • Snopek, K. (2015). Belyayevo Forever. A Soviet Microrayon on its Way to the UNESCO List. Berlin: DOM Publishers.

  • Sobala-Gwosdz, A., & Gwosdz, K. (2017). “Katowice effect”? Regeneration of the Site of the Former Katowice Coal Mine Through Prestige Cultural Projects”. Urban Development Issues, 56, 27–40. DOI: 10.2478/udi-2018-0010

  • Soja, E. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Stanek, Ł. (2011). Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

  • Starikov, A. (1998). Uralmash – obrazets kompleksnoĭ zastroĭki sovetskogo perioda [Uralmash is a Sample of a Complex Building of the Soviet Period]. In Yekaterinburg: istorija goroda v arhitekture [Yekaterinburg: History of the City in an Architecture]. Yekaterinburg: Sokrat.

  • Syska, A., & Kiełkowski, T. (2015). Styl gotycki wyklucza się. Międzywojenna architektura w województwie śląskim. Katowice: Śląskie Centrum Dziedzictwa Kulturowego w Katowicach.

  • Szczerski, A. (2010). Modernizacje. Sztuka i Architektura w Nowych Państwach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 1918–1939. Łodz: Muzeum Sztuki w Łodzi.

  • The Light of History. Upper Silesia Over the Ages [Permanent Exhibition]. (2017). Silesian Museum in Katowice. Retrieved from https://muzeumslaskie.pl/en/wystawy/the-light-of-history-upper-silesia-over-the-ages/

  • Tokmeninova, L. (Ed.). (2010). Bauhaus na Urale. Sohranenie nasledija: Materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo seminara, 22–24 avgusta 2008 g., Yekaterinburg [Bauhaus in the Urals. Preservation of the Heritage: Materials of the International Research Seminar, 22–24 August 2008, Yekaterinburg]. Yekaterinburg: Vebster.

  • Uralmash: ulicy, istorii, lica [Uralmash: Streets, Stories, Faces] [Guidebook]. (2018). Yekaterinburg.

  • Voss, K., & Molitor J. (2018). Bauhaus. Eine fotografische Weltreise / A photographic journey around the world. Berlin: Be.Bra Verlag.

  • Young, C., & Kaczmarek, S. (2008). The Socialist Past and Postsocialist Urban Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Łódź, Poland. European Urban and Regional Studies, 15(1), 53–70. DOI: 10.1177/0969776407081275

  • Zaporizhzhia City Council. (2018). K prorabotke proekta rekonstruktsii biblioteki Sotsgoroda privlekli amerikanskogo arhitektora-urbanista [American Architect and Urbanist is Involved into Elaboration of the Reconstruction Project for the Sotsgorod Library]. Retrieved from https://zp.gov.ua/ru/articles/item/2876

Published
2019-10-05
How to Cite
Ilchenko, M. (2019). Discourse of Modernist Heritage and New Ways of Thinking about Socialist Urban Areas in Eastern Europe. Changing Societies & Personalities, 3(3), 243–257. doi:10.15826/csp.2019.3.3.074
Section
Articles