The Neighborhood Association Model as a Mechanism for Participatory Governance and Economic Empowerment in Urban Communities
Abstract
Community empowerment based on the Neighborhood Association (Rukun Tetangga / RT) model has demonstrated a positive impact on fostering self-reliance among urban populations, particularly through increased participation, communal solidarity, and the strengthening of local economies. This article specifically examines an empowerment model that prioritizes self-help mechanisms as its core strategy. The results reveal that direct engagement of residents at the RT level serves as a critical foundation for designing initiatives that align with the community’s actual needs. Active participation in program implementation further illustrates that RT-based empowerment effectively mobilizes communities in a cost-efficient manner. These results underscore the RT model as an innovative and contextually relevant approach to enhancing economic well-being through collective action. Therefore, the study recommends integrating RT-based empowerment into governmental policy as a sustainable strategy for urban community development.
References
- Ahmad, I., & Islam, M. R. (2024). Building strong communities: Ethical approaches to inclusive development. Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781835491744
- Aiyer, S. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Morrel-Samuels, S., & Reischl, T. M. (2015). From broken windows to busy streets: A community empowerment perspective. Health Education and Behavior, 42(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198114558590
- Anderson, G., Blair, R., & Shirk, J. (2018). Neighborhood associations and community development: Differences in needs and strategies. Community Development, 49(5), 504–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2018.1529049
- Andreeva, E., Myslyakova, Y., Glukhikh, P., & Ratner, A. (2017). Economic and social impact of modernization on cultural values. Journal of International Studies, 10(1), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-1/14
- Baba, C., Kearns, A., McIntosh, E., Tannahill, C., & Lewsey, J. (2017). Is empowerment a route to improving mental health and wellbeing in an urban regeneration (UR) context? Urban Studies, 54(7), 1619–1637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016632435
- Bailey, N. (2010). Understanding community empowerment in urban regeneration and planning in England: Putting policy and practice in context. Planning Practice and Research, 25(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503425
- Bednarska-Olejniczak, D., Olejniczak, J., & Svobodová, L. (2020). How a participatory budget can support sustainable rural development—Lessons from Poland. Sustainability, 12(7), Article 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072620
- Bock, B. B. (2016). Rural marginalisation and the role of social innovation; A turn towards nexogenous development and rural reconnection. Sociologia Ruralis, 56(4), 552–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12119
- Bourdieu, P. (2018). The forms of capital. In M. Granovetter & R. Swedberg (Eds.), The sociology of economic life (3rd ed., pp. 78–93). Routledge.
- Budianto, E. E. (2021, December). Guru Honorer di Mojokerto Korupsi Dana PNPM Mandiri Rp 465 Juta Dijebloskan Bui [Honorary teacher in mojokerto imprisoned for corruption of Rp 465 million in PNPM Mandiri Funds]. Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-5838175/guru-honorer-di-mojokerto-korupsi-dana-pnpm-mandiri-rp-465-juta-dijebloskan-bui
- Cassarino, M., Bantry-White, E., & Setti, A. (2020). Neighbourhood environment and cognitive vulnerability—A survey investigation of variations across the lifespan and urbanity levels. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 7951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197951
- Christens, B. D. (2019). Community power and empowerment. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605582.001.0001
- Chu, E., Anguelovski, I., & Carmin, J. A. (2016). Inclusive approaches to urban climate adaptation planning and implementation in the Global South. Climate Policy, 16(3), 372–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1019822
- Dahles, H., Khieng, S., Verver, M., & Manders, I. (2020). Social entrepreneurship and tourism in Cambodia: Advancing community engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 816–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1706544
- Dolezal, C., & Novelli, M. (2022). Power in community-based tourism: Empowerment and partnership in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(10), 2352–2370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527
- Dushkova, D., & Ivlieva, O. (2024). Empowering communities to act for a change: A review of the community empowerment programs towards sustainability and resilience. Sustainability, 16(19), Article 8700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198700
- Esteves, A. M., Genus, A., Henfrey, T., Penha-Lopes, G., & East, M. (2021). Sustainable entrepreneurship and the Sustainable Development Goals: Community-led initiatives, the social solidarity economy and commons ecologies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(3), 1423–1435. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2706
- Evans, S. D., & Fernandez-Burgos, M. (2023). From empowerment to community power in participatory budgeting. American Behavioral Scientist, 67(4), 578–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221086947
- Faradiah, D. (2023). Implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Bidang Ekonomi [Implementation of community empowerment programs in the economic sector]. Ajudan: Jurnal Diseminasi Kajian Ilmu Administrasi Negara, 1(2), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.30743/jdkan.v2i1.7819
- Fernando, H., Larasati, Y. G., Abdullah, I., Florika, V. T., & Liyana, C. I. (2025). The deconstruction of women’s values in #MeToo on Instagram. Italian Sociological Review, 15(1), 27–46. [Instagram™ is a trademark of Instagram Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. По решению Роскомнадзора, социальная сеть Instagram полностью заблокирована в России как экстремистская организация.] https://doi.org/10.13136/isr.v15i1.821
- Fernando, H., Larasati, Y. G., Efendi, Z., Hanim, M. A. F., & Hasaniy, N. R. (2026). Religious appropriation: Artificial Intelligence-driven political campaign algorithm trap. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 25(73), 67–84.
- Franco, I. B., & Tracey, J. (2019). Community capacity-building for sustainable development: Effectively striving towards achieving local community sustainability targets. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(4), 691–725. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-02-2019-0052
- Hasdiansyah, Suryono, Y., & Faraz, N. J. (2020). The community empowerment towards competitive Indonesian communities in the 21st century. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(3), 1855–1859.
- Hawkins, C. V., Hu, Q., & Feiock, R. C. (2016). Self-organizing governance of local economic development: Informal policy networks and regional institutions. Journal of Urban Affairs, 38(5), 643–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12280
- Hur, M., & Bollinger, A. G. (2015). Neighborhood associations and their strategic actions to enhance residents’ neighborhood satisfaction. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(6), 1152–1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014556775
- Khair, N. K. M., Lee, K. E., & Mokhtar, M. (2020). Sustainable city and community empowerment through the implementation of community-based monitoring: A conceptual approach. Sustainability, 12(22), Article 9583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229583
- Khalid, S., Ahmad, M. S., Ramayah, T., Hwang, J., & Kim, I. (2019). Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The mediating role of community support for tourism. Sustainability, 11(22), Article 6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248
- King, K. N. (2004). Neighborhood associations and urban decision making in Albuquerque. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 14(44), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.42
- Kiss, B., Sekulova, F., Hörschelmann, K., Salk, C. F., Takahashi, W., & Wamsler, C. (2022). Citizen participation in the governance of nature-based solutions. Environmental Policy and Governance, 32(3), 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1987
- Kruahong, S., Tankumpuan, T., Kelly, K., Davidson, P. M., & Kuntajak, P. (2023). Community empowerment: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(8), 2845–2859. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15613
- Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Sengupta, K., & Giri, T. K. (2022). Through convergence and governance: Embedding empowerment in community development interventions. Community Development Journal, 57(2), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa055
- Larasati, Y. G., Fernando, H., Barkah, Q., Prasojo, Z. H., Atika, SA, R., Masruroh, A., Sintang, S., & Morin, L. (2025). Adolescent forced marriage and community misconduct: Rethinking Islamic family law. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 23(1), 34–49.
- Larasati, Y. G., Fernando, H., Fitri, W., Wuysang, J. M., Hardianti, F., & Akbar, R. A. (2026). Young children in war-time: Making sense of Palestine-Israel conflict impact on Instagram. Italian Sociological Review, 16(1), 181–198. [Instagram™ is a trademark of Instagram Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. По решению Роскомнадзора, социальная сеть Instagram полностью заблокирована в России как экстремистская организация.] https://doi.org/10.13136/isr.v16i1.977
- Logan, J. R., & Rabrenovic, G. (1990). Neighborhood associations: Their issues, their allies, and their opponents. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 26(1), 68–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208169002600104
- MacLeavy, J. (2009). (Re)analysing community empowerment: Rationalities and technologies of government in Bristol’s new deal for communities. Urban Studies, 46(4), 849–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009102132
- Mehmood, A. (2016). Of resilient places: Planning for urban resilience. European Planning Studies, 24(2), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1082980
- Mesch, G. S., & Schwirian, K. P. (1996). The effectiveness of neighborhood collective action. Social Problems, 43(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096955
- Mortazavi, M. (2011). From ancient to modern urbanization: Intermediary function of an urban society. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 15(1), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-010-0130-x
- Muslim, A. (2017). Analisis Kegagalan Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Membangun Kemandirian Masyarakat Miskin (Studi Kasus di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur) [Analysis of the failure of the national community empowerment program in building the independence of the poor (Case study in the special region of Yogyakarta, Central Java and East Java)]. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 13(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v13i1.14524
- Park, E., & Kim, S. (2016). The potential of Cittaslow for sustainable tourism development: Enhancing local community’s empowerment. Tourism Planning and Development, 13(3), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1114015
- Pascaris, A. S., Schelly, C., Burnham, L., & Pearce, J. M. (2021). Integrating solar energy with agriculture: Industry perspectives on the market, community, and socio-political dimensions of agrivoltaics. Energy Research & Social Science, 75, Article 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102023
- Pasoloran, O., & Kurniasari Wibisono, L. (2022). Empatic budgeting model: Study of regional budgeting in Tana Toraja Regency. Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service, 3(13), 2278–2288. https://doi.org/10.36418/dev.v3i13.290
- Pedoman Teknis Pelaksanaan Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Maju Sehat Bahagia [Technical guidelines for implementing the Maju Sehat Bahagia Community Empowerment Program]. (2021). Magelang City Mayoral Regulation (PERWALI) No. 24. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/192113/perwali-kota-magelang-no-24-tahun-2021
- Phannan, P. (2020). Community empowerment and the urban poor’s community agricultural garden development. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 576, Article 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/576/1/012024
- Powell, N., Dalton, H., Lawrence-Bourne, J., & Perkins, D. (2024). Co-creating community wellbeing initiatives: What is the evidence and how do they work? International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 18(1), Article 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-024-00645-7
- Putnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
- Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00919275
- Reis, I. F. G., Gonçalves, I., Lopes, M. A. R., & Henggeler Antunes, C. (2021). Business models for energy communities: A review of key issues and trends. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, Article 111013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111013
- Rodrigues, P., Hébert, M., & Philibert, M. (2023). Neighborhood social support and social participation as predictors of dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(13–14), 8400–8421. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231155130
- Sassen, S. (2012). Cities: A window into larger and smaller worlds. European Educational Research Journal, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2012.11.1.1
- Sassen, S. (2013). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
- Schouten, B. A. M., Klerks, G., & Cazacu, S. (2024). Designing collective empowerment to support bottom-up city-making. International Journal of Design, 18(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.57698/v18i2.01
- Sidik, F., & Habibi, M. (2024). A prize for the village ruling class: “Village Funds” and class dynamics in rural Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 54(3), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2023.2193968
- Sun, C., Liu, J., & Chen, Y. (2025). Impact of empowerment on public participation awareness in community renewal projects: Mediating role of trust and community identity. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 24(3), 1931–1944. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2024.2321996
- Surya, B., Suriani, S., Menne, F., Abubakar, H., Idris, M., Rasyidi, E. S., & Remmang, H. (2021). Community empowerment and utilization of renewable energy: Entrepreneurial perspective for community resilience based on sustainable management of slum settlements in Makassar City, Indonesia. Sustainability, 13(6), Article 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063178
- Taubenböck, H., Wurm, M., Setiadi, N., Gebert, N., Roth, A., Strunz, G., Birkmann, J., & Dech, S. (2009). Integrating remote sensing and social science: The correlation of urban morphology with socioeconomic parameters. In 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/URS.2009.5137506
- Uyttebrouck, C., Schelings, C., Van Doosselaere, S., & Teller, J. (2023). Implementing empowerment projects in urban neighbourhoods: Actors and interactions. Town Planning Review, 94(6), 635–660. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2023.15
- Vargas-Hernández, J. G., Pallagst, K., & Zdunek-Wielgołaska, J. (2018). Urban green spaces as a component of an ecosystem. In S. Dhiman & J. Marques (Eds.), Handbook of engaged sustainability (pp. 885–916). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71312-0_49
- Wardoyo, P. (2022, March 17). Korupsi PNPM Rp 314 Juta, Kades Inisial L Ditangkap Polisi. Astaga Pengakuannya Uangnya Untuk Begini! [Village head with the initial L arrested for Rp 314 million in PNPM corruption. Oh, my God, the money for this!]. JoglosemarNews.com. https://joglosemarnews.com/2022/03/korupsi-pnpm-rp-314-juta-kades-inisial-l-ditangkap-polisi-astaga-pengakuannya-uangnya-untuk-begini/
- Wijayanti, R., & Taufik, N. I. (2022). The role of village funds to improve community welfare: A study in West Bandung Regency. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development, 5(1), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v5i1.1641
- Winston, N. (2022). Sustainable community development: Integrating social and environmental sustainability for sustainable housing and communities. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2238
- Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1086/217913
- Yang, C.-H., & Huang, S.-N. (2016). Building the empowered community towards a service design perspective: Case study of West Central District in Tainan. In Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Orange Technologies, December 19–22, 2015, Hong Kong, China (pp. 63–66). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOT.2015.7498507
- Yap, N., Nugroho, M., & Rachmiyati, N. (2024). Evaluating village financial governance in top tourism destinations. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 2971–2991. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2638

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.







